新编语言学教程刘润清版-2-6单元期末考试自测题-(原创)

Phonetics三个分类？？isatubewhichbeginsjustabovethelarynx.Atitstopend,itisdiceidedintotwoparts,onebeing?andtheotherbeing??isseeninthepositionthatallowsairtopassthroughthenoseandthemouth?isoftencalledthe”roofofthemouth”?isbetweenthetopfrontteethandhardpalate?canbemovedintodifferentplacesandshapes:细分哪几个部位？？isnotariticulatorsinthesamewayasothers?会根据那个图填器官名称Voicelesssound如何发？voicedsound？oralsound？Nasalsound？Vowels?按照theplaceofarticulation7个，可以自数位置与themannerofarticulation《6个，由阻塞到光滑》StoppingtheairstreamfromthelungsandthenslowlyreleaseingitwithfrictionBlockingtheairstreamandhavingtheairpushthroughthenarrowopeninginthemouthwithfractionThevelumisloweredandtheairstreamisallowedtoflowoutthroughthenoseProducedwithlittleornoobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouthThereissomeobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth,butnotenoughtocauseanyfrictionSomeformofcompletestoppingofairstreamandthenlettingitgoabruptly评论元音的四个维度：1、open，semi-open，closed2、long，short3、front，central，back4、round，unroundedphonologicalunitsoflanguage,distinctivesoundstwowordsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestringtwoormoresoundsoccurinthesamepostitonwithoutanyapparentchangeofmeaningwhenafeaturedistinguishonephonemefromanother,it’s?units,whichareoftenlongerthanonesoundandsmallerthanawholewordsyllablescanbedifinedboth?and?音节结构图,并举例子Sequenceofconsonants词首词尾词中怎么写Ps：如果两个连在一起的辅音属于不同音节那就不是复印从，举例afterSoundcontraststhatextendoverseveralsegmentsarecalled?名词重音在前，动词在后Pitch由什么来定？怎么变化的呢？Peoplegivesomesyllablestheirutterancesagreaterdegreeofloudnessandchangetheirspeechrhythm,这是什么？Liaison与elision和assimilation举例，注意assimilation有两个分类分别指什么？Isthefirstruleofthumbindeterminingthephonemesofanylanguage?什么是morpheme？freemorpheme?举例一个单词可能包含超过一个root词干可能：包含尽含一个词素的词干，此时词根=词干；一个词根+一个派生词缀；超过两个词根；【分别会以work举例】自由词素分为两类？Boundmorphemeareactually前缀后缀中缀怎么拼写？举例？Boundmorpheme分类？两类分别用于什么？注意：屈折词缀永远不能改变词性Morph是什么？allomorph是什么？举例？Allomorphisphonologicalvariantsofthesamemorpheme.《注意allomorph与morph定义中都是phonological音系学而不是语音学》Allomorph不能出现在同一个环境中，因为是互补的，构词法最重要的方式是什么？注意：thesecondelementdecidesthecompound’swordclass,是theheadoftheclassDerivationisdonedby一个derivationalword至少包含一个freemorpheme与一个boundmorpheme还有以下几种方式：Convention：也就是词类转换，也被称为：zeroderivationmust→amustBackformation：editor→edit方法：removeasuffixClipping:就是把多个词素变成一个词素，多不大正式：bicycle→bikeCombining：把两个单词的头和尾巴分别连起来成新词：motor+hotel=motelAcronym:首字母连起来读，APECInitialism：首字母不可连起来读，GDP4-6章是记录在纸上的，只写一写可能的填空题TheruleswhichgovernthestructureofphrasesareknownasStructureanalysisinvolvestheuseofThebestwaytoshowICstructureistouseaICanalysisdividesthesentenceupintoitsimmediateconstituentsbyusingICanalysishasbeenwidelyusedsincetheworkofTransformationalgrammarisputforwardbySystemicFunctionalGrammarrootsintheworkofandThefunctioninwhichweconceptualizetheworldforourownbenefitandthatofothersiscalledTraditionally,sentencesareclassifiedas、andThewaylinguisticshandlestheseconstructionistodistinguishbetweenandAndsuggestedamodel-toillustratetheviewofmeaningasconceptTwokindsofcontextarerecognized:andThesenseofdeclarativesentencepermitsyoutoknowunderwhatcircumstancesthatsentenceistrue,those“circumstances”arecalledSeventypesofmeaningisputforwardbyAsetofwordswithanidentifiablesemanticconnectioniscalledTheabsenceofawordinaparticularplaceinasemanticfieldofalanguageiscalledMeaningisabehaviorisputforwardbyComponentialAnalysisclaimsthatalllexicalitemscanbeanalyzedintoasetoforwhichmaybeuniversalThedifferencebetweensentenceandpropositionliesinAndaretwounitsoflanguagethatcarrymeaningThewordsandexpressionswhosereferencedependsentirelyonthesituationalcontextoftheutteranceandcanonlybeunderstoodinlightofthesecircumstancesarecalledTheprocesswhereawordorphraserefersbacktoanotherwordorphrasewhichwasusedearlierinatextorconversationiscalled,thepreviouswordiscalledthe,andthesecondwordiscalledisamethodtotestforpresupposition.TheexpressionsorconstructionswhichcanactasthesourcesofpresuppositionarecalledSpeechActTheorywasproposedbyandTheillocutionaryactsareclassifiedas、、、、isadifferentapproachtodistinguishingtypesofspeechactsbasedonstructure.Wheneverthereisadirectrelationshipbetweenastructureandafunction,wehaveaAsetofassumptionsguidingtheconductofconversationiscalled,putforwardby,canbeclassifiedas、、、isakindofextrameaningthatisnotliterallycontainedintheutterance.牵涉到的几个人名：GriceJ.L.Austin&J.R.SearleBloomfield(2)Ordgen&RichardsJ.R.Firth&M.A.KHallidayChomsky(3)SaussureLeechMMuller’sOttoJespersen’sL.H.Gray”s;L.Noire’sR.Paget’s“Ta-TaTheory”;“Bow-WowTheory”“Pooh-Pooh”or“Exclamation”or“Interjectional”theory“Yo-He-HoTheory”;“Sing-SongTheory”;“Ding-DongTheory”