Langue-and-parole语言和言语的区别于联系

TheInfluencesofLangueandParoleonLinguisticsYanXudongLangueandParole•TheProposal•Definition•TheInfluences•ConclusionProposal•“Langue”and“parole”areputforwardbySaussurewhoactuallystartedarevolutioninLinguistics.•BeforeSaussure,althoughLinguisticshadbeenlong-termstudiedbymanyscholars,itwasstillintraditionalwayandalmosthadnoadvance;Linguisticshadbeeninadisorder.•SaussurelivedintheperiodthatHistoricalComparativeLinguisticswasinitsheat.Buthedidnotfollowtheherd.Atthattime,hesensitivelypointedouttheweaknessofLinguisticsinhisCourseinGeneralLinguistics(普通语言学教程）thatthesubjectofLinguisticsissomethingcuriousandwithoutanyrelationship.InordertoexplainwhatisthesubjectofLinguistics,Saussureputforwardtheconcept“langue”and“parole”.Definition•languereferstotheabstractsystemofrulesandconventionsofasignifyingsystem-itisindependentof,andpre-exists,individualusers.•Parolereferstoconcreteinstancesofitsuse.---EncyclopediaofLinguisticsInfluencesInfluencesLinguisticsasanIndependentscienceFuturelinguisticschoolsConnectionofLinguisticsandphilosophyFLTTheinfluenceonlinguisticsasanindependentscience•ThedistinctionofthetwotermsstartedanewleafinLinguistics.ThesubjectofLinguisticsstudybecamemoreclear.ThesituationthatspeechactsbeingasthestudysubjectofLinguisticswaschanged.•SaussurebelievedthatspeechispersonalrandomthatLinguisticscannotperfectlydealwith.HeinsistedthatscientificLinguisticsshouldstudythestablelanguagenotthespeech.Linguistsarealwaysfacedwithindefinitespeechacts.Inordertostudythisfactssystematically,linguistsmustabstractalanguagesystemtojustifythosefacts.•Thedistinctionoflangueandparolehelpslinguiststodeterminethestudyfieldandfindthegeneralrulesbehindthemasslanguagephenomenon.Fromthispointofview,thedistinctionoflangueandparolemakesLinguisticsmorescientific,andimprovesthedisorderedlinguisticsstudybefore.Ithelpstogeneralizelanguagesystemsfromconcretespeeches,soitbringsconveniencetolanguagestudy.ThusLinguisticshasbecomeanindependentsciencesincethedistinction.Theinfluenceonlinguisticsasanindependentscience•将语言和言语区分开来至少有两方面的意义一、有助于语言科学的精密化，有助于从具体个别的言语中概括出一般的语言体系二、可以带来研究和论述上的方便---潘庆云•只有再言语体系中区分了语言和言语，才有可能建立真正的语言学理论，语言学才能成为一门独立的科学---裴文Theinfluenceonfuturelinguisticschools•ThePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguisticswhichisstartedbySaussure’sideaofsynchronyanddiachrony.•Chomsky’sproposaloflinguisticcompetenceandperformanceareinfluencedbySaussure’slangueandparole.Theinfluenceonfuturelinguisticschools•TheinfluenceonChomsky’stheory(1)ThedistinctionofcompetenceandperformanceCompetencereferstotheidealusers’knowledgeofthelanguage:thatistheabilitiesallnativespeakershaveofbeingabletounderstandandproducesentences.Performancereferstotheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.CompetenceandperformancearequitesimilarwithSaussure’slangueandparole.Theydifferindifferentperspectivesofstudyinglanguages.Saussuretookasociallinguisticallyviewoflanguage.Languageisamatterofsocialconventions.Chomskylookedatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,andcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.Theinfluenceonfuturelinguisticschools•TheinfluenceonChomsky’stheory(2)Chomsky’sinnatenesshypothesesandLADtheoryTheytwoarecertaingettingthethoughtsfromSaussure’langueandparole.Chomskybelievesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondeviceandwithknowledgeofthisbasicgrammaticalrelationsandcategories,andthisknowledgeisuniversal.Henamedituniversalgrammar.Langue,astheabstractsystemofrules,actuallyexistsinpeople’smindsincetheywereborn,whichcanbeexplainedinanalternativeviewinChomsky’stermtheLAD.TheinfluenceonthecloselyconnectionofLinguisticsandPhilosophy•Saussure‘sproposaloflangueandparoleconnectedLinguisticswithphilosophy.Modernwesternphilosophystudyinvolvesthemetaphysics.Thecauseofmetaphysicsinphilosophyisbelievednotthephilosophyitselfbutthelanguageproblem.Becauseoftheillexpressionofphilosophylanguage,thephilosophyproblemsareinamass.Theproblemshouldbesolvedthroughtheexplanationoflanguage.Thedistinctionoflangueandparolestimulatetheproductionoflinguisticphilosophy.Linguisticshasgraduallybecomeaninterdisciplinarysubject.TheinfluencesontheFLT•FLTistheshortformoftheforeignlanguageteaching.•Thedistinctionoflangueandparolegivesforeignlanguageteacherssomeinspirationonsecondlanguageteaching.Inclassroomteachingboththe“langue”and“parole”shouldbetaughttostudents.Ontheonehand,foreignlanguageteachingmustteachstudents“language”thatis:phonetics,vocabulary,grammarandmeaning.TheabstractsystemsofruleswhichiscorrespondencetoSaussure’slanguemustbeknowntostudents.Ontheotherhand,langueexistsintheconcrete“parole”,inordertostudyalanguagewell;theutterancemustbeoftenpracticed.Thatistospeakmore.TheinfluencesontheFLT•Thewesternculturestudyandthesituation-basedteachingmethodgotthetheoryfromSaussure’sdistinctionoflangueandparole,whichhelpstocontinuallyimprovetheFLTM(foreignlanguageteachingmethodology)•Takethecommunicativeapproachasanexample,thelearningtheoriesare:1、followthenaturalacquisition2、languageisbestlearnedthroughuseinsocialcontext;3、learningisaprocessofmeaningnegoti