初级项目管理办法

InformationResourcesManagementDivisionDEPARTMENTOFADMINISTRATIVESERVICESProjectManagementOfficeScopeResourcesTimeOnelegofthetrianglecannotbechangedwithoutaffectingatleastoneoftheothertwolegsMethodologyDocumentNovember2001DASIRMDProjectManagementOffice(PMO)ProjectManagementMethodologySourcesusedinthedevelopmentofthisdocumentincludeANSI/ISO/ASQQ10006-1997andtheGuidetotheProjectManagementBodyofKnowledge(PMBOK).1SCOPETheseguidelinesuseprojectmanagementprocessestoserveasaframeworktodiscusstheirapplication.Theyareapplicabletoprojectsofvaryingcomplexity,smallorlarge,ofshortorlongduration,indifferentenvironments,andirrespectiveofthekindofprojectproduct(includinghardware,software,processedmaterial,serviceorcombinationsthereof).Thismaynecessitatesometailoringoftheguidancetosuitaparticularproject.Theseguidelinesincorporatethemajorelementsofawell-runproject.Whenusedwiththepreferredprojecttemplatestheprojectmanager,projectsponsorandotherstakeholders,throughtheprojectscharter,plan(s),schedule(s)andotherdocumentationshouldaddresseachoftheelementsdescribedinSection4oftheseguidelines.Omissionsormodificationstotheseguidelinesandtemplatesareallowedwhenagreeduponbytheprojectsponsor,theprojectmanagerandthePMOmanager.Allagreementstomodifyorforgopartsoftheseguidelinesandtemplatesaretobedocumentedandkeptwiththeprojectdocumentation.2DEFINITIONS2.1project:Uniqueprocess,consistingofasetofcoordinatedandcontrolledactivitieswithstartandfinishdatesundertakentoachieveanobjectiveconformingtospecificrequirements,includingtheconstraintsoftime,costandresources.NOTE1Anindividualprojectmayformpartofalargerprojectstructure.NOTE2Insomeprojectstheobjective(s)is(are)refinedandtheproductcharacteristicsdefinedprogressivelyastheprojectproceeds.NOTE3Theoutcomeofaprojectmaybeoneorseveralunitsofproduct.NOTE4Theorganizationistemporaryandestablishedforthelifetimeoftheproject.NOTE5Theinteractionsamongprojectactivitiesmaybecomplex.2.2projectproduct:Thatwhichisdefinedintheprojectproductscopeanddeliveredtothecustomer.NOTE—Theprojectscopemaybeupdatedastheprojectproceeds.2.3projectplan:Documentsettingoutwhatisrequiredtomeettheobjective(s)oftheproject.NOTE1Aprojectplanshouldincludeorrefertotheproject'squalityplan.NOTE2Theprojectplanalsoincludessuchotherplansasorganizationalstructures,resources,scheduleandbudget.2.4stakeholder:Anindividualorgroupofindividualswithacommoninterestintheperformanceofthesupplierorganizationandtheenvironmentinwhichitoperates.1NOTE1Inthecontextofthisdefinitionthesupplierorganizationistheprojectorganization.NOTE2Stakeholdersmayinclude:—customer,recipientoftheprojectproduct;—consumer,suchasauseroftheprojectproduct;—owner,suchastheorganizationoriginatingtheproject;—partner,asinjoint-ventureprojects;—funder,suchasafinancialinstitution;—subcontractor,organizationsupplyingproductstotheprojectorganization;—society,suchasjurisdictionalorregulatorybodiesandthepublicatlarge;—internalpersonnel,suchasmembersoftheprojectorganization.NOTE3Theremaybeconflictinginterestsamongstakeholders.2.4.1sponsor:Anindividualorgroupwithintheperformingorganizationwhoprovidesfinancialresources,incashorinkind,fortheproject.Theroleofthesponsorincludes:—communicatinghowtheprojectrelatestotheoverallvision,strategy,andmissionoftheprogramaffected.—providingacleardefinitionoftheoverallgoalsandobjectivesfortheproject.—providingaclearbusinesscaseincludingpossiblecostbenefitsfortheproject—committingtheresourcesnecessarytosuccessfullycompletetheproject.—prioritizingactivitiesandresourcesintheaffectedagencytoreflecttheimportanceoftheproject.2.5process:Setofinter-relatedresourcesandactivitiesthattransforminputsintooutputs.NOTElResourcesmayincludemanagement,services,personnel,finance,facilities,equipment,techniquesandmethods.NOTE2Projectprocessesincludeprojectmanagementprocesses.2.6progressevaluation:Assessmentofoutputsofprojectactivities,carriedoutatappropriatepointsintheprojectlifecycleacrossprojectprocesses,basedondefinedcriteriaforprojectprocessesandproduct.NOTE—Revisionoftheprojectplanmayberequiredasaresultofprogressevaluation.3PROJECTCHARACTERISTICS3.1GeneralThisclausedealswiththosecharacteristicsofprojectsthatareimportanttotheapplicationofthisdocument.23.2ProjectmanagementProjectmanagementincludestheplanning,organizing,monitoringandcontrollingofallaspectsoftheprojectinacontinuousprocesstoachieveitsobjectives.3.3OrganizationTheoriginatingorganizationistheorganizationthatdecidestoundertaketheprojectandassignstheprojecttoaprojectorganization.Theprojectorganizationistheorganizationthatcarriesouttheproject.Theprojectorganizationmaybeapartoftheoriginatingorganizationthatmaybeconstitutedasajointventureorconsortium,etc.3.4ProjectphasesandprojectprocessesAprojectisaprocessthatcanbedividedintomanydifferentinterdependentsubprocesses.Implementingthesequenceofsubprocessesinanorderlyandprogressivemannermay(insomecasesshould)requiretheconsistentgroupingofsubprocessesintophases.Totheorganizationresponsiblefortheproject,phasinggivesameansofmonitoringtherealizationofobjectives(andassessingther