chapter4-syntax

Chapter4：SyntaxI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:15.As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasub-jectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.16.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.17.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.19.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.22.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.23.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.24.ThetheoryofC_____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:25.Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati-calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical26.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator27.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.socialD.functional28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.Alloftheabove.29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled________.A.transformationalrulesB.generativerulesC.phrasestructurerulesD.x-bartheory30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.31.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.OnlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical32.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite33.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsen-tences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational34._______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.A.GenerativeB.TransformationalC.X-barD.PhrasestructureIV.Definethefollowingterms:35.syntax36.Sentence37.coordinatesentence38.syntacticcategories39.grammaticalrelations40.linguisticcompetence41.transformationalrules42.D-structureV.Answerthefollowingquestions:43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?44.WhatarethemajortypesofsentencesIllustratethemwithexamples.45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?Why?46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures?47.WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.48.ExplainandexemplifythefollowingPSrules.(1)NP{(D)N/Pron}(s)(2)Aux—t(M)(have-en)(be-ing)49.WhatisthenatureofTransformational-generativegrammar?Whatareitsmainaspects?50.Whichofthefollowingsentencesareambiguous?Forthoseyoufindambiguous,paraphrasethemsoastoillustratewhytheyareambiguous?(1)Thisismycolleague,Frank.(2)Areyoutiredofcleani