chapter5-semantics

Chapter5SemanticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.6.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.9.“itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.10.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.11.ThemeaningrelationshipbetweenMANandGROWN-UPishyponymousbecausethesemanticfeaturesofMANareincludedinthoseofGROWN-UP.12.Semantically,BEEFisexcludedinMEAT.13.“Kids”and“children”aresynonymousdespitetheirstylisticdifference.14.Inthefollowingpairofsentences,Sentence(b)presupposesSentence(a):Johnmanagedtofinishintime.(b)Johntriedtofinishintime.15.Inthesemiotictriangle,thereisnodirectrelationshipbetweensymbolandreferent.16.Ifawordhassense,itmusthavereference.17.Predicationofasentenceisidenticaltothepropositionofthesentence.18.Aftercomparing“Theystoppedattheendofthecorridor”with“Attheendofthecorridor,theystopped”,youmayfindsomedifferenceinmeaning,andthedifferencecanbeinterpretedintermsofcollocativemeaning.19.“Tulip”,“rose”and“violet”areallincludedinthenotionof“flower”,thereforetheyaresuperordinatesof“flower”.20.Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.22.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.23.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.24.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.25.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.26.R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.27.C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.28.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.29.Ana________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.30.Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalan-guagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:31.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth32.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistviewB.contexutalismC.thenamingtheoryD.behaviourism33.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractandde-contextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.34.“CanIborrowyourbike”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposes35.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis36.“alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationaloppositesC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabove37._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense38.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy39.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms40.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeaturesIV.Definethefollowingterms:41.semantics42.sense43.reference44.synonymy45.polysemy46.homonymy47.homophones48.Homographs49.completehomonyms50.hyponymy51.antonymy52componentialanalysis53.grammaticalmeaning54.predication55.Argument56.predicate57.Two-placepredicationV.Answerthefollowingquestions:58.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentencei