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Consideration对价Somethingbargainedforandreceivedbyapromisorfromapromisee.Commontypesofconsiderationincluderealorpersonalproperty,areturnpromise,someact,oraforbearance.Considerationoravalidsubstituteisrequiredtohaveacontract.Considerationisoneofthethreebasicelementsofcontractformationincommonlaw,theothertwobeingofferandacceptance.itisnotpresentinotherlegalsystems.立诺人从承诺人那里讨价还价并得到的东西。常见的对价类型包括不动产或动产、回报承诺、某种作为或不作为。合同要求有对价或者有效的替代物。在英美法中,对价是合同形成的三个基本要素之一,其他两个要素是要约和承诺。这在其他法律体系中是不存在的。1.DefinitionofConsideration对价的定义Therearevariousdefinitionstoconsideration,likeConsiderationissomebenefitreceivedbyapartywhogivesapromiseorperformsanact,orsomedetrimentsufferedbyapartywhoreceivesapromise.“Avaluableconsideration,inthesenseofthelaw,mayconsisteitherinsomeright,interest,profitofbenefitaccruingtoonepartyorsomeforbearance,detriment,lossorresponsibilitygiven,sufferedorundertakenbytheother.”对价有多种定义,比如:对价是指承诺人或者行为人获得的利益,或者承诺人受到的损害。从法律意义上讲,有价值的对价可以包括一方获得的某种权利、利益、利益收益,也可以包括另一方给予、遭受或承担的某种宽容、损害、损失或责任。Considerationmeanssomethingwhichisofsomevalueintheeyeofthelaw,movingfromtheplaintiff;itmaybesomedetrimenttotheplaintifforsomebenefittothedefendant,butatalleventsitmustbemovingfromtheplaintiff.Accordingly,considerationiseithersomedetrimenttothepromiseeorsomebenefittothepromisor.Avalidconsiderationmustbeexecutoryorexecuted;itcannotbepast.对价是指在法律看来具有一定价值的、从原告转移而来的东西;它可能对原告不利,也可能对被告有利,但无论如何,它必须是从原告那里转移来的。因此,对价要么是对被承诺人的一种损害,要么是对承诺人的一种利益。有效的对价必须是可执行的或正在执行的;它不可能是过去的。Executory--apromisetodosomethinginthefuture(e.g.ApromisestodelivergoodstoBandBpromisestopayforthegoods);Executed--anactconstitutingtheconsiderationiswhollyperformed(e.g.thepaymentofmoneyforgoods;thereturnofalostdog,forwhicharewardhasbeenoffered).可执行的——承诺在未来做某事(例如,A承诺向B交付货物,B承诺支付货款);已执行的——构成对价的行为已全部执行(例如,支付货款;归还一只丢失的狗,对此已给予酬谢)。Considerationissomethingbargainedforandgiveninexchangeforapromise.That‘somethingmaybeanact,aforbearance,orareturnpromise.Itmayeitherbeabenefittothepromisororadetrimenttothepromisee.Tobeconstituteconsideration,theremustbeadetrimenttothepromisee.Considerationissomebenefitreceivedbyapartywhogivesapromiseorperformsanact,orsomedetrimentsufferedbyapartywhoreceivesapromise.Avalidconsiderationmustbeexecutoryorexecuted;itcannotbepast.对价是一种以承诺为交换条件而讨价还价的东西。那个“东西”可能是一种行为、一种忍耐,或者一种回报承诺。它要么对承诺人有利,要么对承诺人不利。要构成对价,必须损害到受约人的利益。对价是指承诺人或者行为人获得的利益,或者受诺人受到的损害。有效的对价必须是可执行的或者已执行的;它不能是过去的。2.CharateristicsofConsideration对价的特征(1)Itmustberealandofsomevalue.Itmustnotbevague,indefiniteorabstract.(2)Itneednotbeadequate.Thisprincipleissometimesexplainedasconsiderationneednotbeequaltothepromiseorconsiderationmaynotbeadequatebutmustbesufficient.(3)Itmustbelegal.Anillegalconsiderationmakesthewholecontractinvalid.(4)Itmustmovefromthepromisee,i.e.onlythepersonwhohaspaidthepriceforapromisecansueonit.(5)Itmustbepossibletoperform.Apromisetodotheimpossiblewouldnotbeacceptedasconsideration.(6)Itmustnotbepast.Iftheactputforwardasconsiderationwasperformedbeforeanypromiseofrewardwasmadeitisnotvalidconsideration.Thegeneralruleisthatpastconsiderationisnoconsideration.(7)Performanceofanexistingcontractualduty,orapublicdutyimposedonthepromiseebylaw,therewillnotamounttoconsiderationunlessthepromiseegoesbeyondwhatheisrequiredtodo.(1)它必须是真实的并且有一定的价值。它不能含糊、不明确或抽象。(2)它不一定是适当的。这一原则有时被解释为“对价不一定等于承诺”或“对价不一定适当,但必须充分”。(3)它必须是合法的。非法的对价使整个合同无效。(4)它必须从承诺人处转移来,即只有为承诺付出代价的人才能对其提起诉讼。(5)它必须是能够执行的。承诺去做不可能的事不会被作为对价接受的。(6)一定不能过去。如果作出考虑的行为是在作出任何奖励承诺之前进行的,那么这是无效的考虑因素。一般规则是“过去的考虑不予考虑”。(7)履行现有的合同义务,或法律规定对受诺人施加的公共责任,除非受约人超出他的要求,否则不予考虑。3.ExceptionsofConsiderationRequirementAcontractwithoutconsiderationcanbeinvalidorunenforceableunlessitisunderseal.Thedoctrineisnotsuitabletothepracticeoftoday;therefore,therearetwoexceptionstothisdoctrine,theyare:(1)AccordandSatisfactionThegeneralruleofthecommonlawisthatacreditorisnotboundbyanundertakingtoacceptpartpaymentinfullsettlementofdebt.Anaccrueddebtcanbedischargedonlybyaccordandsatisfaction.Theactualpartpaymentisnosatisfaction,thatistosay,paymentofalessersumonthedayinsatisfactionofagreatersumcannotbeanysatisfactionforthewhole.3.对价要求的例外情况未经对价的合同可能无效或无法执行,除非它是盖印合同。该学说不适合今天的实践;因此,这一学说有两个例外,它们是:(1)债的替代普通法的一般规则是:债权人不受接受全额清偿债务的部分付款承诺的约束。累积的债务只能通过债的替代来清偿。实际的部分付款是不满意的,也就是说,“在同一天支付一笔较少的款项来抵偿一笔较大的款项,对整体来说不能算是任何满意。ThisruleisfinallyapprovedbytheHouseofLordsinFoakesv.Beer.Forexample,ifAowesB$1,000,hisundertakingtopay,say,$900,isnoconsiderationforB'spromisenottosuefortheremainingbalance.Bmayacceptthe$900thensueforthebalance,despitehispromise.Inaddition,Bmayinsisttoclaiminterestnotwithstandingthattheprincipalsumhasbeensettled.最终,这一规则在福克斯诉比尔案中得到了上议院的批准。例如,如果A欠B1000美元,在不考虑起诉要求支付余额的情况下,他的还款承诺是900美元。尽管得到B的承诺,B仍然可以接受这900美元,然后起诉要求支付余额。另外,尽管本金已经结清,但B仍可坚持要求支付利息。Butifthepromiseehasundertakentodosomethingdifferentfromwhathewasboundtodo,thiswillamounttoconsideration.Soithasbeenheldthatwhere,atthepromisor'srequest,atanearlierdate,orinadifferentplace,thereisconsiderationforapromisenottosueforthebalance,forhehasgonebeyondthescopeofwhatheisboundtodo.Thisexceptiondatesbackto1602inPannel'scase.但是,如果受诺人已经承担了一些不同于他必须做的事情,这将是对
本文标题:Consideration-对价(约因)
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