英语语音期末复习材料(下)

1元音发元音时声带震动,元音都是浊音元音影响气息(Strongformsandweakforms--have/hæv//hәv(f)/);音影响词汇重读a`bove(wordstress);元音影响语调What?(Intonation);元音影响节奏(音长）(Rhythm,lengthofvowels)主元音(Cardinalvowels)Cardinalvowelsindicatetherangeofhumanvocalorganscanmake.Theyactasakindofscaleormeasure,withwhichtolocateallthevowelphonemesofalanguage.Functions1.CardinalVowelsprovideslearnerswithasetofstandards.Withthereferencetothem,anyvowelcanbedescribed,classifiedandcomparedinanylanguage.2.Cardinalvowelscanhelpthelearnerstocomparethevowelsinhismothertonguewiththoseofthetargetlanguage.Helpthelearnertorecognizethedelicatedifferencesbetweenthesewords.Vowels:Monophthongs(12)Diphthongs(8)Criterion:1.Theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue:Close,half-close,half-open,open2.Thepartoftongueraised:front,central,back3.Thelengthofthevowel:long,short4.Thepositionofthelips:rounded,unrounded5.Thedegreeoftenseness:tense,laxDiphthongs:Closingdiphthongs（合口双元音）orCentringdiphthongs（央元音）每一个单元音的语音特征（前中后、合闭口，圆唇，紧张松弛，长短）[i:]:long,close,front,unrounded,tense[i]:short,half-close,front,unrounded,lax[e]:short,half-open,unrounded,front,lax[æ]:short,open,unrounded,front,lax[a:]:long,back,unrounded,tense,open[ɔ]:short,open,rounded,back[ɔ:]:long,half-open,rounded,back[u]:short,half-close,rounded,lax,back[u:]:long,close,rounded,tense,back2[ә]:short,half-open,unrounded,central，lax[ә:]:long,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tense,central[Λ]:short,half-open,unrounded,lax,central同化现象：定义分类规律Assimilation:Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheneighbors,soundsarereplacedbyanothersound.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfromboththeoriginalsounds.Itiscalledassimilation.-cf/ci–consonant(final)/consonant(initial)onlyhappensbetweenconsonantsifcfchangesintoci,cieffectscf–Regressive逆同化used[d][t]toused[tt]tonewspaper/z//p//sp/ifcichangestocf,cfeffectsci–Progressive顺同化Thetwosoundsinfluenceeachother,andthenformanewone.coalescent,double,reciprocal相互同化Rules1.voiced—voicelessHaveto;hastwo;foodforsupperv-fz-sd-t2.alveolar—bilabialTenminutes;rightplace;good-byen-mt-pd-b3.kissyou/s/+/j/–/∫/;where’syours/z/+/j/–/ӡ/;wantyou/t/+/j/–/t∫/;toldyou/d/+/j/-/dӡ/省音现象：定义、分类、规律Elisionistheomissionofsoundorsounds.Inoneword,asoundcanbeomitted.(factory)Atajunction(连接)ofwordsundertheinfluenceofthecontext,somesoundswilldisappear.lotso(f)moneyhistoricalelisionLossofvowelsAextraordinaryEeveryintereststudentImedicinebusinessOvictorybuttonUbuild3BbombdoubtGassignforeignHghostrhythmKkneeknifeNcolumnautumnSislandviscountcontextualelision1)After/ptk/TheaspirationoftheinitialplosivewilltakeupthewholepartofthesyllablePotato,tomorrow,today…2)Lossoffinal[v]in“of”beforeConsonantMostofthem/mәustәðәm/Apieceofnews/ә`pi:sә`nju:z/3)3plosivesor2plosives+1fricativethemiddlesoundwilldisappearLookedback/lukbæk/4)其他不完全爆破引起的省音butnot叠合引起的省音It’sstrange.缩写we‘dprefer弱读giveherScripts/skrips/重音词汇重音、定义、分类、音节、音节的分类、划分音节、三类词的重音规律、句子重音、句子重音规律Stress:Thedegreeofforcewithwhichasoundorasyllableisuttered.Wordstressisconcernedwiththestressofindividualwordsoftwoormoresyllableswhentheyarepronouncedinisolation.Featuresofwordstress:1.Stressischaracterizedasfreepositionwithcertainfixedrules(longerlength;higherpitch;loudervolume).2.Types:1)primary(strongest)2)secondary(weaker)3)unstressed(weakest)*ThreetypesofstresscanbefoundinEnglish:primary,secondary,andzerostresses.Thetermprimarystressreferstothestrongemphasisaspeakerputsonthemostimportantsyllableofaparticularword.Secondarystressreferstoalessstrongemphasisonthenextmostimportantsyllable.Zerostressreferstoanysyllablethatreceivesnostress,anditisalsocalledunstressedsyllable.Inotherwords,anunstressedsyllablereceivesnointensityorloudnessatall.ThefrequentoccurrenceofunstressedsyllableisoneofthefundamentalcharacteristicsofspokenEnglish,andtheonethatmostdistinguishesEnglishfromChinese.43.Stresshappensinvowels.Inastressedsyllable,thevowelsoundshouldbelouder,longerandclearerandhigherpitched.Syllable1.Syllableisconsistedofacenter.Thecenterofthesyllablemustbeavowel,beforeorafterthecentershouldbeconsonants.V(a);CV(he);VC(at);CVC(hen)2.Consonantclustersareallowedinasyllable.(Students,grow,desks)3.ClassificationofsyllableOpensyllable—endswithavowelsound开音节1)C+V绝对开音节he,so,baby…2)V+’e’(除-re)相对开音节Write,like,make,vote…Closedsyllable—endswithaconsonantsound闭音节Hit,top…成音节辅音构成的音节/l//n//m//η/4.SyllabledivisionR1:Twovowelscometogetheranddon’tformadiphthongshouldbedivided.Diphthongsprecedingavowelfollowsthesamerule.Tu/i/tion;ge/o/gra/phy;dia/lect;poe/tryR2:最大起始原则（最大节首原则）在两个音节的相邻处只有一个辅音字母,即处于两个元音之间的辅音归于后面的音节,做后面音节的开头辅音。Stu/dent;va/cantR3:Amedia“x”shouldbejointedtotheformer.Vex/a/tion;ex/pli/citR4:在两个音节相邻处有两个r时，一个r属前一音节，一个r属后一音节，前面的元音节按闭音节读音，Sor/ry;mar/ry;mir/ro5R5:Awordisdoubledbeforeaninflectionalending,thedivisiontakesplacebetweenthedoubledletter.（有曲折变化的词，词尾若双写，音节自辅音之间分开）*morpheme语素1.free自由语素2.bound黏着语素如：派生词中的黏着语素prefix:un-suffix:-less曲折变化inflection-ing-er-est-ed-es-`se.g.drop---droppinghot---hottestR6:Inflectionendingsexcept“ed”aresplit.（曲折变化中除”-ed”外,其他均视为一个音节）Try—try/ing;blu