2016届高考英语大二轮复习 第一部分 阅读理解 专题一 阅读理解 第4讲 词义猜测题课件

第1部分阅读理解专题一阅读理解第四讲词义猜测题考题体验·聚焦高考[2015·北京高考，C]LifeintheClearTransparentW1animalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet—asfarasmostlightcanreach.MostofthemareextremelydelicateW2andcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,“TheseanimalslivethroughP1theirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey'reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.”Andtheyareasclearasglass.Howdoesananimalbecomesee­through?It'strickierthanyoumightthink.Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.OthersabsorbW3light,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit,soyoucanseeiteasily.Butatransparentobjectdoesn'tabsorborscatterlight,atleastnotverymuch.LightcanpassthroughitwithoutbendingW4orstopping.Thatmeansatransparentobjectdoesn'tlookverydifferentfromthesurroundingairorwater.Youdon'tseeit—youseethethingsbehindit.Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight.SLivingmaterialscanstoplightbecausetheycontainpigments(色素)thatabsorbspecificcolorsoflight.Butatransparentanimaldoesn'thavepigments,soitstissueswon'tabsorblight.AccordingtoJohnsen,avoidingabsorptionisactuallyeasy.Therealchallengeispreventinglightfromscattering.Animalsarebuiltofmanydifferentmaterials—skin,fat,andmore—andlightmovesthrougheachatadifferentspeedP2.Everytimelightmovesintoamaterialwithanewspeed,itbendsandscatters.Transparentanimalsusedifferenttrickstofightscattering.Someanimalsaresimplyverysmallorextremelyflat.Withoutmuchtissuetoscatterlight,itiseasiertobesee­through.Othersbuildalarge,clearmassofnon­livingjelly­like(果冻状的)materialandspreadthemselvesoverit.Largertransparentanimalshavethebiggestchallenge,becausetheyhavetomakeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownP3lightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes.Theyneedtolookuniform.Buthowthey'redoingitisstillunknown.Onethingisclear:fortheselargeranimals,stayingtransparentisanactiveW5process.Whentheydie,theyturnanon­transparentmilkywhite.63．AccordingtoParagraph1,transparentanimals___________________________________________.A．stayingroupsB．canbeeasilydamagedC．appearonlyindeepoceanD．arebeautifulcreatures64．Theunderlinedword“dead”inParagraph3means__________.A．silentlyB．graduallyC．regularlyD．completely65．Onewayforananimaltobecometransparentisto__________.A．changethedirectionoflighttravelB．gathermaterialstoscatterlightC．avoidtheabsorptionoflightD．growbiggertostoplight66．Thelastparagraphtellsusthatlargertransparentanimals________.A．movemoreslowlyindeepwaterB．staysee­throughevenafterdeathC．producemoretissuesfortheirsurvivalD．takeeffectiveactiontoreducelightspreading根据提示将答案写在横线上。Step1：浏览问题，速读全文。本文是一篇说明文，向读者介绍了透明动物，并解释透明的原因。Step2：审题、解题。63．__B__。考查细节理解。根据文章第一段第三句话“Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch”可知透明的动物很容易被伤害。64．__D__。考查词义猜测。根据第三段中第四句话前半句其他的动物吸收光，可以猜出后面是完全地阻止光的传播，画线单词的意思应为“完全地”。65．__C__。考查细节理解。根据第五段第一句话可知，要想变得透明，动物需要避免它的身体吸收光或散射光。66．__D__。考查推理判断。根据最后一段可知，较大的动物保持透明是一个积极的过程，而根据前文我们知道保持透明需要减少光的扩散。Step3：验证答案。认真分析题干与选项以及与题干相关的信息，结合文章主题验证答案正确与否。W重点词汇1．transparentadj.透明的2.delicateadj.精美的；易碎的3.absorbvt.吸收，理解4.bendvi./vt.弯曲；使弯曲5.activeadj.活跃的；积极的P重点短语1．livethrough度过；经受过2.atadifferentspeed以不同的速度3.slowdown减缓，使慢下来S句式仿写原文：Tobecometransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight.(不定式作目的状语)译文：为了变得透明，动物需要阻止它的身体吸收或散射光线。仿写：To_get_the_project_completed_in_time,_we'llworktwomorehoursaday.为了使工程及时竣工，我们将每天多工作2个小时。技法点拨·突破高考题型概述TIXINGGAISHU2015年高考英语新课标全国卷《考试说明》中，对该类型的考题由原来“根据上下文推断生词的含义”变为“根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义”。显然，该类型题目需要我们引起高度的重视。1．(1)Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmeaninthe...?(2)Theword“...”probablyrefersto...其中均含有wordorunderlinedword。2．(1)Theterm/sentencein...canbereplacedby...(2)Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase/sentencemeaninthelastparagraph?根据命题方式的不同，结合2015年高考英语《考试说明》，我们对此类型题目分为三类进行讲解：词汇意义猜测题、猜测短语或句意题、猜测指代题。1词汇意义猜测题(1)利用构词法猜测词义词根是单词最重要的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意思，所以掌握各种词根、前缀、后缀等的基本含义，猜测新词义会事半功倍。利用构词法猜测的词义，再代入句子进行验证，看是否符合语境，从而确定答案。[典例1][2015·湖北高考，B]WhatTheresaLoeisdoingprovesthatalargefarmisn'taprerequisiteforamoderngrow­your­ownlifestyle.Onamere1/10ofanacreinLosAngeles,Loeandherfamilygrow,can(装罐)andpreservemuchofthefoodtheyconsume.55．Theunderlinedword“prerequisite”isclosestinmeaningto“________”．A．recipeB．substituteC．requirementD．challenge[解析]考查词义猜测。由构词法“pre­”前缀表示“先于，在……前”之意，且request表示的是“要求，需求”之意，两者组合为“prerequisite”结合语境可确定词义为“先决条件”。同C项的含义接近，故选C。(2)利用定义，解释和举例猜测词义在一些文章中，特别是新闻报道及科普类说明文中，生词后面往往用thatis,mean,standfor,namely,referto,inotherwords等或破折号、冒号引出说明性的内容，有时也用同位语、定语从句进行解释说明。还有些文章经常用例子来说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生准确猜测生词。文章举例时，常常会用一些连接词，如：suchas,like,forexample等。[典例2][2015·江苏高考，D]Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBabylonwerebothtyrannies,_oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses.65．Whatdoestheunderli