unit3 grammar 宾语从句与表语从句

NounClauses(名词性从句)SubjectClause(主语从句)AppositiveClause（同位语从句）ObjectClause（宾语从句）PredicativeClause（表语从句）名词性从句的作用相当于名词，因此主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句(引导名词性从句的关联词):从属连词(不作成分）连接代词（作成分）连接副词（作状语）what,who,whom,whose,which,wh+everthat,whether,if,asif/asthoughwhen,where,how,why1.Iknowhim.2.Iknowwhoheis.主语谓语宾语（简单句）主语谓语宾语从句连词从句主语从句谓语主句（复合句）什么是宾语？•Iknowhim.•Doyouhavethetime?•Ithink(that)sheisbeautiful.•Whydon’tyoupayattentiontome?宾语位于谓语动词或者介词后一、宾语从句的概念•从句在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，•位置：通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。•eg.WeknowMrGreenteachesEnglish.•Sheaskediftheseanswerswereright.•Wecanlearnwhatwedonotknow.•HewilltalktousaboutwhathesawintheU.S.A.•Idon’tknowwherewewillholdthemeeting.二、宾语从句三要素引导词（连接词）语序时态由从属连词that引导的宾语从句由连接代词Who,whom,whose,which,what和连接副词where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句（一）引导词123e.g.1.Ihear(that)_______________________.2.Hesaid(that)______________________.3.Theteachertoldus(that)_______________________________.hewillbebackinanhourhemissedusverymuchtheearthmoves由从属连词that引导的宾语从句注：that在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略aroundthesun引导宾语从句的that一般都可以省去，但是当及物动词后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。•Theteachersaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.that——不能省略的2种情况（1）当that作介词except,in宾语时•Theybelieveinthatshemuststill•besingle.•Iknownothingabouthimexceptthat•heislivinginBeijing.（2）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句时（it常可以放在动词think,find,consider,believe,feel,make等后作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语——that从句则放在句尾）•IthinkitnecessarythatyoushouldreadEnglishaloud.•Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句Iwanttoknow______________________________________.2.Askhim_________________________.3.Iwonder____________________________.4.Couldyoutellme________________________?if(whether)hewillgototheparkwithuswhether(if)hecancomewhetheritisgoingtorainornotif/whether“是否”，说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在ask,wonder,can(could)youtellme等后。whether(if)MrLiliveshere只能用whether不能用if的情况1.在介词后面：•I’mthinkingofwhetherweshouldgofishing.•Weareworriedaboutwhetheritwillraintomorrow.2.在动词不定式前(whethertodosth.)：•Theyaskedmewhethertogoskating.3.当与ornot连用，或提出两种选择时:•Idon’tknowwhetherhe’sfreeornot.•MaryaskedwhetherIwasdoingmyhomeworkornot.•Tellmewhetheryou’dliketogoshoppingortidytheroom.4.宾语从句提前时：•Whetherthisistrueornot,Ican’tsay.Practicetimeif/whether1.Iaskedher__________shehadabike.2.We’reworriedabout________heissafe.3.Iwonder___________heiswell.4.Idon’tknow________ornotheiswell.5.Idon’tknow_______togo.if/whetherwhetherwhether/ifwhetherwhether•由连接代词Who,whom,whose,which,what和连接副词where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句1.Heasked_____________________________.2.Doyouknow____________________3.Heasked________________________whocouldanswerthequestionwhomtheyarewaitingforwhosebikewasthebestintheclass连接代词或副词连接主句和从句，并在从句中担任句子成分，具有一定的意义，不可省略。•4.Doyouknow_________________________?•5.Pleasetellme_____________.•6.Canyoutellme________________________?•7.Couldyoutellme______________________?whenwe’llhaveameetingwhereheishowIcangettothestationwhythetrainislate二、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分Whenwillhegotothelibrary?Hisbrotheraskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.主句+连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）否定的转移主语为第一人称，主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。翻译句子•Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.•Idon’tthinkyouareright.我认为你今天无法完成工作。我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。我认为你是错的。Idon’tbelieveyouwillfinishtheworktoday.Iknowheliveshere.Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow.三、时态1.主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态，根据实际情况而定。2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时），从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时（一般过去时，过去进行时,过去将来时，过去完成时）Iknewwholivedhere.Isawshewastalkingwithhermother.•Heaskedwhetherhisfatherwouldcomebacktomorrow.•Hesaidthathehadseenit.3.从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时，仍用一般现在时。Hetoldtheboythatthreeandthreeissix.Hetoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun.4.从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍用一般过去时。•Theteachertoldmeshewasbornin1960.•IheardthathewenttoParislastnight.宾语从句三要素时态Summary(小结）引导词（连接词）语序常见的系动词分为三种：A．表示特征和状态：be,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear等B．表示由一类状态转为另一类状态：get,become,grow,turn,fall,go,come,run等C．表示某种状态的：remain,keep,prove,continue,stay等表语从句表语从句就是从句在主句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后我们的目的是他能认识到错误。Ourpurposeisthathecanrealizehisfaults.引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。问题是它是否值得做。Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.表语从句表示“是否”只用“whether”而不用“if”试区分以下句子Isthismuseumwhatyouvisited?Isthisthemuseumthatyouvisited?Isthismuseumtheonethatyouvisited?(表从)(定从)(定从)注意1：that/what的辨用1.______hewantsisabook.2.____hewantstogothereisobvious.3.Weshouldpayattentionto______theteacherissaying.4.Hetoldus______hefeltill.WhatThatwhat（that）•5.Theresultis______wewonthegame.6.Thisis_____wewanttoknow.7.Ihavenoidea_____hedidthatafternoon.•8.Thefact______sheworkshardiswellknowntousall.（that）whatwhatthat9.Hisfatherissatisfiedwith_____hehasdone.10.Thereasonwas______Todhadneverseenthemillionpoundbank-note.whatthat•1.that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用•2.what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。Ruleswhether与if的辨用1.Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem.2.Itremainsaproblemwhether/ifitistrue.3.Heaskedwhet