2013语言学导论期末复习提纲

2012-2013学年第2学期语言学导论期末复习提纲PartITestingitemsThereareseventypesoftestingitems:I.Definethefollowingterms(10%)II.Fillintheblanksofthefollowingsentences(20%)III.Multiplechoices(15points)IV.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse(10%)V.Drawatreediagram(10%)VI.Brieflyanswerthefollowingquestionsinthreeorfoursentences(20%)VII.Discussoneofthefollowingtopicsinabout200-300words(15%)PartIIReviewingoutlinesStudentsinthiscoursearesupposedtoknowthefollowingknowledgeorquestionsaboutEnglishlinguistics.1.Whatislanguage?2.Whataredesignfeaturesoflanguage?3.Whatarethetheoriesoftheoriginoflanguage?4.Howmanyfunctionsdoeslanguagehave?Whatarethey?5.Whatmainbranchesislinguisticsdividedinto?6.Whatismacrolinguistics?7.Whataredescriptiveandprescriptivestudies?8.Whataresynchronicanddiachronicdescriptions?9.Whatarelangueandparole?10.Whatarecompetenceandperformance?11.Whatmanybranchesisphoneticsdividedinto?12.Whatdospeechorgansconsistof?13.WhatisIPA?14.Howdoweclassifyconsonantsandvowels?15.Whatisminimalpair?16.Whatiscoarticulation?17.Whatarephonemes?18.Whatareallophones?19.Whatiscomplementarydistribution?20.Whatisassimilation?Whatisdissimilation?21.Whatisphonologicalrule?22.Howdoyouunderstanddistinctivefeatures?23.Howdoyouunderstandasyllabicstructure?24.Whatisstress/tone/intonation?25.Whatisphonetics?25.Whatisphonology?26.Whatiswordorder?27.Whataresyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations?28.Whatisco-occurrence?29.Whatisimmediateconstituent?30.Whatisatreediagramandhowdoyouuseittoanalyzesentences?31.Whatareendocentricandexocentricconstructions?32.Whatarecoordinationandsubordination?33.Whatisnumber/gender/case?34.Whatissyntax?35.Howmanykindsofsyntacticrelations?Whatarethey?36.Whatisagreement?37.Whatisphrase?38.Whatisclause?39.Whatissentence?40.Whatisrecursiveness?41.WhataretheseventypesofEnglishsentencepatterns?42.Whatisconjoining?43.Whatisembedding?44.Whatiscohesion?45.Whataretheseventypesofmeaning?46.WhatisthesemantictriangleintheMeaningofMeaning?47.Whatisthereferentialtheory?48.Whatissynonymy?49.Whatisantonymy?Howmanytypesofantonymydowehave?50.Whatishyponymy?51.Whatissense?52.Whatiscomponentialanalysis?53.Whatisanintegratedtheoryinsentencemeaning?54.Whatislogicalsemantics?55.Whatispredicatelogic?56.Howdowewritethepredicatelogicalform?57.Whatisthetruthvaluetable?58.Whatispropositionallogic?59.Whatisuniversalquantifier?Whatisexistentialquantifier?60.Whatishomophone?61.Whatispragmatics?62.Whatisentailment?63.WhatisSpeechActTheory?64.Whatareperformativesandconstatives?65.Whatarelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact?66.WhatistheTheoryofConversationalImplicature?67.Whatisthecooperativeprinciple(CP)?Howdoyouunderstandthosemaxims?68.WhatisRelevanceTheory?69.WhataretheQ-andQ-principles?70.WhataretheQ-,I-andM-principles?语言学导论复习资料一：名词解释(4个）1.Langue&Parole（语言与言语）Langueisthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker,whichisrelativelystableandsystematicandalsotherulethatthespeakershouldfollow.Paroleistheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics,whichissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraintsandalwaysanaturallyoccurringevent.2.Phonetics&Phonology（语音学与音位学）Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,includingthreemainareas:articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学),acousticphonetics(声学语音学),auditoryPhonetics(听觉语音学).Phonologyisthestudyofsoundsystems—theinventionofdistinctivespeechsoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatterns.3.Open-classword&Closed-classword（开放类词与封闭类词）Open-classwords:whosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.e.g.n.v.adj.adv.E.g.regarding/withregardtothroughout,inspiteofClosedwords:theirmembershipisfixedorlimited.E.g.pro.prep.conj.art.etc.4.ImmediateConstituentAnalysis（直接成分分析法）TherelationbetweenasentenceanditscomponentelementsisaConstruction（结构体）anditsConstituents（成分）.ToanalyzetheirrelationsisIC.5.Sense&Reference（意义与所指）Sense:Theliteralmeaningofawordoranexpression,independenceofsituationalcontext.Reference:Therelationbetweenwordsandthethings,actions,eventsandqualitiestheystandfor.6.Metaphor&Metonymy（隐喻与转喻）Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.E.g.Alltheworldisastage.Metonymy:inthecognitiveliterature,isdefinedasacognitiveprocessinwhichthevehicleprovidesmentalaccesstothetargetwithinthesamedomain.E.g.thecrowncanstandforaking,andtheWhiteHousefortheAmericangovernment.7.Performatives&Constatives（施为句与表述句）Performatives:Inspeechacttheoryanutterancewhichperformsanact,suchasWatchout.Constatives:Anutterancewhichassertssomethingthatiseithertrueorfalse.E.g.ChicagoisintheUnitedStates.二：问答题（3个）1.WhatarethedesignedfeaturesofLanguage？“Designfeatures”hererefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication,including:1.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.2.dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures.3.creativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.(递归性）4.displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommu