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HowtoCultivateCommunicativeAbility如何培养交际能力刘珊珊卢楠Outline•1.Definition•2.Developments•3.Elementsthatcommunicativeabilityinvolved•4.Threeaspectsrestrictcommunicativeability•5.Waysofcultivatingcommunicativeability•6.Thecommunicativeapproach1.Definition•Communicativecompetenceisatheoryofcompetencethatincludesthelanguageuser’sknowledgeandabilitytoemployrulesoflanguageuseincontext.ItwasproposedbyHymesin1972.•HearguesthatChomsky’sdefinitionofcompetenceistoonarrow-linguisticsoughttoconcernitselfwithcommunicativecompetence,thespeaker’sabilitytoproduceappropriateutterances,notsimplygrammaticalsentences.•Hymes(1972):Theintuitivemasterythatthenativespeakerpossessestouseandinterpretlanguageappropriatelyintheprocessofinteractionandinrelationtosocialcontextiscalled“communicativecompetence”.•Communicativecompetenceconsistsoffourcompetences:1.linguisticcompetence;2.social-linguisticcompetence;3.discoursecompetence;4.strategiccompetence.Fourjudgmentcriteria:1.whether(andtowhatdegree)somethingisformallypossible;(合乎语法)2.whether(andtowhatdegree)somethingisfeasibleinvirtueofthemeansofimplementationavailable;(适合性)3.whether(andtowhatdegree)somethingisappropriate(adequate,happy,successful)inrelationtoacontextinwhichitisusedandevaluated;(得体性)4.whether(andtowhatdegree)somethingisinfactdone,actuallyperformed,andwhatitsdoingentails.(实际操作性)---(Hymes,1972:281)2.Developments•Amongthosewhohavebeendevelopingthemselvestostudyandresearchthecommunicativecompetence,MichaelCanaleandMerrillSwain(1980)presentedtheirframeworkofcommunicativecompetence,Bachman(1990)alsoproposedhistheoryofcommunicativecompetence.•CanaleandSwain’sframeworkofcommunicativehasbroadenHymes’communicativecompetence,whileBachman’sanalysisofcompetenceisrelativelymoresystematicandcomprehensive.•Inconclusion,communicativecompetencemeanstheabilityofapersontouselanguage(orallanguageorwrittenlanguage)orparalanguage(bodylanguage)torealizeaparticularcommunicativepurpose.Thecompetenceincludestwoparts:understandingandexpressing.•Therefore,wesaytocultivatethecommunicativeabilityofstudentsisactuallytocultivatethestudents’comprehensiveabilitiesoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting.3.Elementsthatcommunicativeabilityinvolved•Linguisticcompetence(组词成句,组词成篇能力)•Cognitionability(对事物的认识,智力水平,反应能力和有关世界的知识)•Culture(文化观念和习俗)•Stylisticfeature(根据交际对象和交际目的选用不同词语和语篇进行交际的能力)•Facialexpressionorbodylanguage(面部表情和身势语)•Emotion(对待他人及事物的态度,个人品质,性格,习惯)4.Threeaspectsthatrestrictcommunicativeability•Inputlimit(即人际修辞,由社会因素决定)•Grammarlimit(即语法规则,包括语义,句法和语音方面的限制)•Outputlimit(即语篇修辞,组词成句,组句成篇的原则)5.Waysofcultivatingcommunicativeability•Thedirectmethod•Thesituationalapproach•Theimmersionapproach•Thecommunicativeapproach6.Thecommunicativeapproach•Definition•Thecommunicativeapproachreferstothetheoryofteachingaccordingtotheprinciplethatthestudentsandteachersshouldcommunicatewitheachotherusingthetargetlanguage.•Background•Itappearedin1960s,theoreticallybasedonHymes’scommunicativecompetencetheoryandHalliday’sfunctionallinguistictheory.•Tenets•Classroomisaplacefullofinteraction•Theclassshouldbestudents-centered•Thelearningofforeignlanguagereliesontheconcretecommunicativeactivities,suchaslisteningandspeaking.•Maximumlystressonthefunctionandmeaningoflanguage.•Mainpurposeofforeignlanguageteachingistohelpstudentstoexpressmeaningbyusingthetargetlanguage.•Classroomprocedure•Brieflytwostages•Stage1,theteacherselectsmaterialforstudentstolearnandremember.•Stage2,thestudentspracticebytalkingwitheachotherorwiththeteacher.CommentsItexcludesthenecessityofgrammarteachinginforeignlanguageteaching,overstatestheskillsoflanguageusingandignoresthelinguisticknowledgeasaunityandsystem.Itisnotthebestwaytocultivatecommunicativeability.
本文标题:How-to-cultivate-communicative-ability
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