higher education in America

AmericanEducationI.IntroductionItisthestategovernmentthatisresponsibleforeducationwithinitsownterritory.Thefederalgovernmentcangivefinancialhelpbutnotordersineducation.HonoredpositionofeducationinAmericaII.Elementary&SecondaryEducationeducationbeginsat6elementaryschool(8)+highschool(4)elementaryschool(6)+juniorhigh(3)+seniorhigh(3)noentranceexaminationtohighschoolAteacherinonestatemaynotbequalifiedinanother.Privateelementary&secondaryschoolsparochialnondenominationalII.Elementary&SecondaryEducationClassroominWashingtonD.C.III.HigherEducation5categoriesofinstitutionsofhighereducationDoctoral-levelinstitutionsComprehensiveinstitutionsGeneralbaccalaureateinstitutionsSpecializedinstitutionsTwo-yearinstitutionsGraduatedegreesBachelor’sDegree(4years)Master’sDegree(1-2years)DoctoralDegree:Ph.D(doctorofphilosophy)(atleast3years)III.HigherEducationCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyHistory:CaltechbeganasavocationalschoolfoundedinPasadenain1891bylocalbusinessmanandpoliticianAmosG.Throop.TheschoolwasknownsuccessivelyasThroopUniversity,ThroopPolytechnicInstitute,andThroopCollegeofTechnology,beforeacquiringitscurrentnamein1920.ThevocationalschoolwasdisbandedandthepreparatoryprogramwassplitofftoformanindependentPolytechnicSchoolin1907.CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyCaltechisasmallfour-year,highlyresidentialresearchuniversitywithaslightmajorityingraduateprograms.TheInstitutehasbeenaccreditedbytheWesternAssociationofSchoolsandCollegessince1949.Caltechisonthequartersystem:thefalltermstartsinlateSeptemberandendsbeforeChristmas,thesecondtermstartsafterNewYearsDayandendsinmid-March,andthethirdtermstartsinlateMarchorearlyAprilandendsinearlyJune.Caltechwasranked1stinternationallyin2011bytheTimesHigherEducationWorldUniversityRankings.CaltechwasrankedasthebestuniversityintheworldwithintheEngineeringandTechnologyUniversitiescategoryandsecondbestwithinthePhysicalSciencesUniversitiescategory.Itwasalsofoundtohavethehighestfacultycitationrateintheworld.HarvardUniversityHarvardUniversityMAisknownforitsmanyexcellentuniversitiesandcolleges.Foundedin1636,HarvardUniversity,locatedinCambridge,MA,istheoldestandoneofthemostesteemedinstitutionsofhigherlearningintheUnitedStates.ShownhereareUniversityHallandpartofHarvardYard.AmongmanynotablealumniareRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,JamesRussellLowell,RobertFrost,andT.S.Eliot,etc.MoreU.S.presidentshaveattendedHarvardthananyothercollege:JohnAdams,JohnQuincyAdams,TheodoreRoosevelt,FranklinD.Roosevelt,andJohnF.Kennedy.HarvardUniversityStanfordUniversityStanfordUniversityStanfordUniversityTheLelandStanfordJuniorUniversity,commonlyreferredtoasStanfordUniversityorStanford,isaprivateresearchuniversityonan8,180-acre(3,310ha)campuslocatednearPaloAlto,California.ItissituatedinthenorthwesternSantaClaraValleyontheSanFranciscoPeninsula,approximately20miles(32km)northwestofSanJoseand37miles(60km)southeastofSanFrancisco.Stanfordiswidelyconsideredoneofthemostprestigiousandselectiveuniversitiesintheworld.YaleUniversityCharteredin1701,YaleUniversityinNewHaven,CT,isoneoftheoldestandmosthighlyacclaimeduniversitiesintheUnitedStates.IthasaresidentialcollegesystemmodeledafterEngland’sCambridgeandOxforduniversities.(ThetoweringHarknessHall,shownhere,housesa54-bellcarillon,oneofthelargestintheworld.)YaleUniversityProminentgraduatesoftheschoolincludecolonialpatriotNathanHale;manywriters,includingJonathanEdwards,JamesFenimoreCooper;U.S.PresidentsWilliamHowardTaftandGeorgeBush.PresidentBillClintonandHillaryClinton,PresidentGeraldR.Ford,andSupremeCourtJusticesBenjaminCardozo,WilliamO.Douglas,andClarenceThomasareamongnotedYaleLawSchoolgraduates.YaleUniversityCollegeofWilliamandMaryEstablishedin1693underachartergrantedbyKingWilliamIIIandQueenMaryIIofEnglandthesecondoldestinstitutionofhighereducationintheUnitedStates,precededonlybyHarvardUniversity.ManyofAmerica’searlyleaderswereeducatedhere,includingUSpresidentsThomasJefferson,JamesMonroe,andJohnTyler,andtherenownedchiefjusticeJohnMarshall.GeorgeWashingtonservedascollegechancellorfrom1788untilhisdeathin1799.CollegeofWilliamandMaryPrincetonUniversitycharteredin1746astheCollegeofNJ,movedtoPrincetonin1756officiallyrenamedPrincetonUniversityin1896AmongitsnotablealumniareWoodrowWilson,JamesMadison,theauthorandcriticEdmundWilson,andtheauthorF.ScottFitzgerald.ColumbiaUniversity(Library)TheColumbiaUniversitylibrarysystem,withnearly7millionvolumes,isamongthelargestintheUnitedStates.PicturedhereistheUniversityArchivesandColumbianaLibrary,whichcontainsmaterialsrelatingtothehistoryofColumbiaUniversity.ColumbiaUniversityLibraryTheuniversitylibrarysystemhousesoneofthenation’slargestcollections.ColumbiaUniversityPresshasbeenanaffiliate(隶属的机构)since1893.TheuniversityannuallyawardsthePulitzerPrizes(普利策奖).ColumbiaUniversityLibraryUniversityofPennsylvaniaprivate,coeducationalinstitutioninPhiladelphia,PA.FoundedastheCharitySchoolin1740,theinstitutionwasreestablishedastheAca