财政预算Outcome3-and-4

HND-SQA财政预算ReviewforOutcome3and4Outcome3AnalysebudgetaryinformationandprepareavariancereportFlexedbudgets.弹性预算Varianceidentification:Materials,LabourandOverheads.差异识别：材料差异、人工差异和制造费用差异Varianceanalysisandreporting.差异分析和差异报告FlexibleBudget弹性预算•Aflexiblebudgetisabudgetthatadjustsorflexesforchangesinthevolumeofactivity.Theflexiblebudgetismoresophisticatedandusefulthanastaticbudget,whichremainsatoneamountregardlessofthevolumeofactivity.•弹性预算是以预算期间可能发生的多种业务量水平为基础，分别确定与之相应的费用数额而编制的、能适应多种业务量水平的费用预算。PreparingFlexibleBudget1.据题意计算出原始预算的各项成本（或费用）金额。2.用各项单位成本、费用的原始数据，计算出不同产量区间的弹性预算。ForJanuaryOriginalbudget2600unitsFlexibelbudget2730units(105%)Flexibelbudget2860units(110%)Directmaterial(￡)Directlabour(￡)VariableOverheadsFixedOverheadsProductionCostVarianceWhatdoesvariancemean?•Avarianceisthedifferencebetweenactualandbudgetedcost.•TypesofvarianceNameMeaningImplicationFavorableVariance(F)ResultfromactualactivityisbetterthanbudgetedIncreasebudgetedprofitAdverseVariance(A)ResultfromactualactivityisworsethanbudgetedDecreaseinanticipatedprofitExamplefromAardvarkLimitedAardvarkLimitedFlexibleBudgetBudgetActualVarianceF/AForJanuary2730units2730unitsDirectMaterial￡13650￡12500￡1150FDirectLabour￡23205￡24000￡795AVariableOverheads(￡3pu)￡8190￡8290￡100AFixedOverheads￡8000￡80000Totalcost￡53045￡52790￡255FMaterialVariance•ThreeVariance(seeP192forformulas):1.DirectMaterialTOTALVariance2.DirectMaterialUSAGEVariance3.DirectMaterialPRICEVariancea.Materialusagevariance=BudgetedPrice/kg×(BudgetedQuantity−ActualQuantity)b.Materialpricevariance=ActualQuantity×(BudgetedPrice−ActualPrice)c.MaterialCostVariance=(BudgetedQuantity×BudgetedPrice)−(ActualQuantity×ActualPrice)1.DirectMaterialTOTALVariance(实际产量需耗用材料的预算数×每公斤材料的预算价格)－(实际生产耗用材料的实际数×每公斤材料的实际价格)2.DirectMaterialUSAGEVariance每公斤材料的预算价格×(实际产量需耗用材料的预算数－实际生产耗用材料的实际数)3.DirectMaterialPRICEVariance实际生产耗用材料的实际数×(每公斤材料的预算价格－每公斤材料的实际价格)LabourVariance•ThreeVariance(seeP193forformulas):1.DirectLabourTOTALVariance2.DirectLabourRATEVariance3.DirectLabourEFFICIENCYVarianced.LabourEfficiencyvariance=BudgetedRate×(Budgetedhours−Actualhours)e.LabourRatevariance=ActualHours×(BudgetedRate−ActualRate)f.Labourcostvariance=(Budgetedhours×BudgetedRate)−(Actualhours×ActualRate)1.DirectLabourTOTALVariance(实际产量需耗用的预算小时数×每小时的人工工资率预算数)－实际生产耗用小时数×每小时的人工工资率实际数)2.DirectLabourRATEVariance实际生产耗用小时数×(每小时人工工资率预算数－每小时人工工资率实际数)3.DirectLabourEFFICIENTYVariance每小时人工工资率预算数×(实际产量需耗用的预算小时数－实际生产耗用小时数)OverheadsVariances(P203)TotalOverheadVariance=TotalStandardOverheadsforactualproduction－TotalActualOverheads实际生产发生制造费用的预算数-实际生产发生制造费用的实际数PossiblereasonsforMaterialVariance(p202)VarianceFavorableAdverseMaterialUsage1.Higherquality.2.Highergradeworkforce.3.Newmachine.1.Inferiorquality.2.Lowergradeworkforce.3.Machineryproblems.MaterialPrice1.Inferiorquality.2.Bulkdiscounts.3.Exchangeratefluctuations.1.Higherquality.2.Lossofdiscounts.3.Specificationchanges.PossiblereasonsforLabourVariance(p202)VarianceFavorableAdverseLabourEfficiency1.Highergradeworkforce.2.Highmoral/incentives3.Higherqualitymaterials1.Lowergradeworkforce.2.Lowmorale/incentives.3.Inferiormaterial.LabourRate1.Lowergradeworkforce.2.Unusedplannedovertime.3.Salaryincreasenotawarded.1.Highergradeworkforce.2.Shortageofskilledlabour.3.Unplannedovertime.AnalysisSQA3.6P234（答案）:ReportItisvitalthatourcolleaguesinthepurchasingdepartmentidentifytheriseinmaterialcostsofover₤10perunit.Weshouldinvestigatewhetheritispossibleto:●Sourceanalternativesupplierofferingthecurrentgradeatalowerprice●identifyifitwouldbepossibletousealowergradeofmaterialatacheaperprice,withoutcompromisingthequalityofourproducttooseverely●establishifitwouldbebeneficialtonegotiateabulkorderwiththeprospectofobtainingthematerialatacheaperunitcostWehaveestablishedthatthenumberofhoursittooktomakethe70unitswasexactlyasbudgeted.Evensoourlabourcostsweremuchhigherthananticipated.Intotal,labourcostswere₤1750abovebudget,anenormous13%extra!Itislikelythatthisincreaseincostmayhavebeencausedby:●increaseinthehourlyrates●paymentofabonuses●overtimespaymentWhateverthecauseofthelabourvariances,weneedtoidentify:●whetheritwouldbepossibletousealowergradeoflabouratacheaperrate,withoutcompromisingthequalityofourproduct,tooseverely●howtoincorporatetheriseinratesintofuturebudgets●howtoobtainefficiencysavingsworkingfewerhourstoproducemoreunits,withoutincreasingratesOverheadsrequireclosescrutiny,aswell,Ouraccountingdepartmentisatpresenttryingtoidentifytheprincipalcausesforthefavourablevariances.Onelikelyreasonisthattheanticipatedincreaseinlocalauthoritytaxeshasnotyetoccurred.Toensureweachievethetargetswehaveset,itisimperativethatmeasuresaretakenpromptlytopreventarecurrence.Futureplansareputinjeopardyifcostsarenotbackundercontrol.Weallhavearesponsibility.end~PaybackPeriod.DiscountedcashflowNetPresentValueOutcome4InvestmentandProjectAppraisalTechniquesPaybackGeneralIdea•Thismethodevaluatestheinvestmentsandprojectsaccordingtopaybackperioditisexpectedtotaketorecoverthecostoftheoriginalinvestment.•这种方法是通过计算投资回收期，即企业收回全部初始投资所需要的时间，来评价投资项目。Deci