鱼菜共生

Aquaponicsshort-courseattheUniversityofArizonaKevinFitzsimmons,JasonLicamele,EricHighfieldUniversityofArizona6April2011TrendsinfoodmarketsDemandformorelocallygrown,organicfoodsIncreasingdemandforvegetablesandfishforhealthreasonsNeedtoincreaseeconomicandenvironmentalefficiency(energy,water,landarea,recyclingofnutrients)GlobalfoodcrisisRapidlyincreasingpopulationDiversionoffoodstobio-fuelsIncreasedcostsforwater,fertilizer,fuelMultipledemandsforfarmland(urbansprawl,industrialandmining,solarandwindgeneration,wildlifeconservation,watershedprotection,globalwarming,etc.)DemandforlocallyproducedfoodNeednewmodelforfoodproductionGreenRevolution–hugeincreaseinfoodproduction,butheavyrelianceonirrigation,fuelandfertilizer.BlueRevolution–almost50%ofseafoodisfarmraised,butmanyenvironmentalimpacts(effluentscausingeutrophication,algaeblooms,cageandraftconflictswithotherusersinoceans,baysandlakes)DevelopmentofhydroponicsandaquacultureFastgrowingsectorsofglobalfoodproductionHydroponicsismoreefficientuseofwaterandnutrients,controlstheenvironmentandreducesuseofpesticidesandherbicides.Aquacultureismoreefficientproductionofdomesticatedaquaticanimalsandplants.PastProjectsTheLand–DisneyWorld,FloridaBiosphere2–Tucson,ArizonaHighschooleducationCommercializationDisneyWorld–EPCOT–TheLandUniversityofArizonaprovidedtechnicaldesign,layout,andtrainingofstaff.Selectedhydroponicsandaquacultureastwocriticalfoodproductionsystemsforthefuture.DisneyWorld–EPCOT–TheLand30,000guestsadaylearnabouthydroponics,aquaculture,tilapia,andadvancedfarmingtechniquesProductsareservedintheGoodTurnRestaurantDevelopmenttrialsforBiosphere2Biosphere2–Aonehectaregreenhouse.Completelysealed,witheightpeoplelivinginsidefortwoyears.EarlytrialsforBiosphere2UniversityofArizonaprovidedoveralltechnicalsupportanddesignedthefoodsystem.IntensivefoodproductionHealthyfoodswithminimalneedforexternalinputsReplicatedtrialswithtilapiaandlettuceVariousgrowingtechniquesGrowingingravel/biofilterGrowinginfloatingboardsDensityandmicronutrienttrialsLowdensityoffishHighdensityoffishNutrientfilmtechniqueGrowingintroughs/gutterswithflowingwaterNutrientfilmtechniqueFloodanddrainversionintroughs/guttersFishandgraincropsTilapiaandbarleyNutrientdynamicsinrecircDeterminedthatintegratedfishandirrigatedcropsweremostefficientfoodproductionsystemforBiosphere2EducationalsystemsinhighschoolsFishinsteadoftraditionalfarmanimalsHydroponicvegetablesandornamentalflowersWaterchemistrypHConductivityDissolvedsolidsSuspendedsolidsOxygenCarbonCycleC6H12O66H2O+6CO2C6H12O6+3O2sugarsandotherorganicsdigestionandrespiration+3O2PhotosynthesissugarsandotherorganicsandoxygenwaterandcarbondioxideCH4+COxanaerobesandmethanogensCarbonateCycleCO2+H2OH2CO3H++HCO3-H++CO32-carbondioxidedissolvedinwatercarbonicacidbicarbonateioncarbonateionCarbonatecycleNitrogenCycleAmmoniaNitriteNitrateDe-nitrificationNitrogencycleinaquaticsystemsNitrogencycleNitrogenisoftenalimitingelementinfreshwateraquaticsystemAddingnitrogenwillcauserapidincreaseinprimaryproductivityNitrogeninanaerobicsediments-denitrification(reductiontoNH3orN2gas)UAAQCEACNitrogenMassFlowNitrogenMassFlow–Introducedviafeed–Input:108gnitrogen/dayOxygen–ConsumptionFishPlantrootzonePlantrespiration–GenerationPlantphotosynthesisMicroalgae/PhytoplanktonphotosynthesisTilapiaspp.NRetention:27%Feed(28%Protein;5.7%N)2%FishBiomass)MechanicalFiltrationTotal:100%N(10%NdissolvedinH2O)(40%NexcretedintoH2Obyfish)10%SludgeBiologicalFilterNcons.1%1)Conversionoffeedtofishbiomass2)Separationofsolidsandsludge3)ConversionofnitrogentonitrateTotal:73%N(50%DissolvedN)(23%ParticulateN)HydroponicsLettuceDataCollection:5-6g-N/kgdryweightTotal:63%N4)Conversionofnitratetoplantbiomass5)ResidualnitrateinH2ONH3-NH4NO2NO3Total:62%NAirBlower(Airapprox21%O2genForcedintowater)FishO2con(Respiration)Phytoplankton/Algae(O2genDay)(O2conNight)Lettuce(O2conRootzone)O2DiffusionO2DiffusionPhotosynthesisO2genDayRespirationO2connightO2con=OxygenConsumptionO2gen=OxygenGenerationMechanical/BiologicalFilter(O2conNitrifyingBacteria)(O2conMineralizationofsolids)OxygenDynamicsoftheAquaponicsSystemGH#3118PhosphoruscycleWetlandEcosystemManagementPhosphorusandorthophosphate.OrganicPdecomposesandreleasesPO4,takenupbyalgaeandplantsoradsorbstoclayparticlesandprecipitates.Anaerobicconditionscanre-releasePtowater.TilapiaandotherfishOreochromisspeciesCatfishKoiYellowperchandbluegillsSturgeonandornamentalfishFishfeedasnutrientsourcesFishfeedisthebasicinputfornutrientstofishandplantsProteinissourceofnitrogenforplantsPhosphorusandpotassiumfromfishmeal,bonemeal,orfeathermealMicronutrientsfromvitaminandmineralpremixesinfishfeedUAAQCEACAquaponicInputsInputs:–Water–StarMillingCo.1/8”FloatingTilapiaFeed–Dolomite65AgCaCO346.0%MgCO338.5%Ca22.7%Mg11.8%–BiominsBiominFe+(5%)BiominMn+(5%)BiominZn+(7%)CrudeProtein35%CrudeFat5%CrudeFiber3.5%Ash9%FISHFEED%N5.97%P1.53%K1.46%Ca1.61%Mg0.26%Na0.24%S0.46mg/LCu15mg/LZn143mg/LMn93mg/LFe461mg/LB18–NutrientContentAnalysisOrganicmicronutrien