Argumentation

Argumentationtopersuadeorconvince2020/6/2321.adebatablethesisstatement2.sufficientevidence3.logicalreasoning4.agooduseoftheotherthreetypesofessays(narration,description,exposition)5.anhonestandfriendlyattitudeBasicFeaturesofArgumentativeEssays2020/6/233I.Title1.Interrogativesentence(疑问句)-debatablepoint•CanMoneyBuyHappiness?•Do“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?2.Declarativesentence(陈述句)–thesisstatement•ParentsAreSpoilingTheirChildren•RockMusicIsRottingOurKids’Mind2020/6/234I.Title3.Nounphrase(名词短语)-argument•ComputerGames•MyViewontheNegativeEffectsofSomeAdvertisements4.Prepositionphrase(介词短语)–argument•OnReading•TowardaGoodTeacher-StudentRelationship2020/6/235II.Argument(论点)◆adebatablepointNon-debatablepointsinclude:FactsPersonalpreferencesScientificthesis2020/6/2361)Ithink,inChina,theexaminationscoreisregardedasimportantinmakingadecision.2)Inmyopinion,itisnoteasytoachievesuccess.3)Tomymind,taxishavebecomeanimportanttransportationmeans.4)Ithinkcooperationisveryimportantinourwork.5)Ibelieveweshouldhavemorefastfoodrestaurantsinbigcities.ExamplesExamples1-3arefacts,sotheyarenon-debatable.Examples4-5aredebatablepoints.2020/6/237(usually3paragraphs)atopicsentencedevelopingsentencesaconcludingsentenceBackgroundInformationThesisStatementRestatementand/orSummaryStructureIntroductionBodyConclusion•Anintroductionisthefirstparagraphinyouressayandcontainsthethesisstatement.•Themainpurposesofanintroductionareto…–presentthefocusofyouressayandgiveyourreadersomegeneralinformationaboutyoursubject.–catchyourreader’sattentionsothathe/shewillbecomeinterestedinreadingyouressay.•Anintroductionalwaysincludessomegeneralstatementsaboutyoursubjectandathesisstatementthatannouncesthefocusofyouressay.Thethesisstatementisusuallythelastsentenceintheintroductionbecauseitisthemostspecific.2020/6/2310HowtostarttheintroductionYoucanuse:•Ananecdote•Apersonalexperience•Adescription•Aquestion•Aquotation•Ananalogy•Adefinition•Ashockingstatement2020/6/23111.SixwaysofIntroduction•1.1Describing描写法•1.2Makingthepoint主题法•1.3Showingfigures数据法•1.4Defining定义法•1.5Makingacontrast对比法•1.6Questioning问题法2020/6/23121.1Describing•WhyCollegeStudentsTakeaPart-TimeJob?•Nowadays,collegestudentsareseenwaitingontables,cleaninginstores,advertisinginstreets,teachinginfamilies,anddoingwhateverworktheycanfind.Ithasbecomefashionableforcollegestudentstodosomejobsintheirsparetime.2020/6/23131.2Makingthepoint•Thebestwaytostayhealthyistodevelopagoodqualityofpsychology.•Teenagersarespendingmoneyandtimeinvideogames.Inmyopinion,videogamesshouldbedoneawaywith.Theyarenothingbutawasteoftime,moneyandenergy.2020/6/23141.3Showingfigures•AccordingtoarecentsurveybyChinaDaily,about15percentofcollegegraduateshavedifficultiesfindingajobaftertheirgraduation,andthenumberseemstobeincreasing.2020/6/23151.4Defining•ShouldEuthanasia(安乐死)beAdvocated?–Euthanasia,aquietandeasydeath,or“mercykilling”,hasbecomeaheatedtopicamongpeoplerecently.Manypeopleapplaudandarguetheeuthanasiashouldbeadvocatedinoursociety(topic).2020/6/23161.5Makingacontrast•NowadaysmoreandmoreadvertisementsareseenonTVeveryday.Somepeoplethinkthat…,butothers….Inmyopinion…2020/6/23171.6Questioning•IsMoneyAllPowerful?•Ismoneyallpowerful?Ifsomeoneasksmesuchaquestion,myanswerisalwaysthesame:No.Moneyisnotallpowerfulallthetime.2020/6/2318In-classwriting:•Mostofus,asstudents,arecarefulwithourmoneyindailylife:wecollectallkindsofcoupons(优惠券);welookforgroup-buydealsifweeatoutortravel;wedon'tbuyclothesunlessinasale.However,somepeoplethinkthatallthismaynotmakeussmartconsumers.Whatisyouropinion?•Inthefirstpart,statespecificallywhatyouropinionis.2020/6/23192.TheStructureofthemainbody•Atopicsentence(reason1+reason2)•Reason1–Supportingsentences•Reason2•Supportingsentences•Concludingsentence2020/6/23202.1Topicsentence•Definition:Atopicsentencestatesthemainideaofaparagraph.•Characteristicsofaneffectivetopicsentence:•a.itincludesatopic(whatisbeingtalkedabout)andacomment(orpredicate,whatisbeingsaidaboutthetopic)•b.itislimited;•c.itleadsitselftodevelopment;•d.itappealstothereader.2020/6/23212.2Supportingsentences•Atopicsentenceonaninterestingsubjectraisesquestionsinareader’smind.Thesupportingsentences,whichformthebodyofaparagraph,answerthesequestions.Theyexplainthetopicsentencewithfacts,specificdetails,andexamples.2020/6/23222.3Concludingsentence•Theconcludingsentencewrapsupthemainidea,addingthefinaltouch.Thebestconcludingsentenceavoidsanexactrepetitionofthetopicsentenceoradullsummary.Theyofferafreshinsightthatlocksthemainideainthereader’smind.2020/6/2323AUniversityinEveryTown•Thesisstatement:However,whilethealreadyexisting85universitiesarewrestlingwithfinancialandacademicdifficulties,itdoesnotseemtobeagoodideatoaddnewuniversitiestothesystemofhighereducation.•Reason1:Firstofall,thenewuniversitieswillexperiencestaffingproblems.•Reason2:Inadditiontorecruitmentproblems,smalltownuniversitieswillhavefinancialdifficulties.2020/6/23243.Theconnectivesofargumentation•3.1Makingsamples•3.2Causeandeffect•3.3Comparisonorcontrast•3.4Quotationsofproverbsorfacts•3.5Comb