英语构词法课件

英语构词法英语构词法主要有三种：转化、合成与派生。英语构词法种类另外还有截短、缩合等。1.转化:是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。watern.水------watervt.浇水常见的转化形式两种：动词---名词名词---动词动词----名词stopvt.停止---n.车站lovevt.爱---n.爱Watchvt.观看---n.手表recordvt.录音---n.纪录combvt.梳理(头发)---n.梳子abusevt.辱骂---n.辱骂名词----动词handn.手---vt.上交seatn.座位---vt.坐nursen.护士---vt.护理oiln.油---vt.上油timen.时间---vt.定时，测时shouldern.肩膀---vt.肩负minen.矿山---vt.开矿barbecuen.烧烤---vt.在烤架上烤shipn.船---vt.用船装运financen.金融---vt.为……提供资金stainn.污点,污迹---vt.玷污，污染draftn.草稿---vt.起草headn.头---v.前进transportn.运输---vt.运输副词---动词downadv.向下---v.放下副词---名词nowhereadv.任何地方都不---n.无处，无名的地方形容词---名词freezingadj.冰冻的---n.冰点solidadj.固体的,坚实的---n.固体数词---动词secondnum.第二---v.赞成---n.秒2.合成:有两个或更多的词合成一个词。class班级+room房间=classroom教室warm+heart+ed=warmhearted热心肠的good+looking=good-looking相貌好看的hard+working=hard-working勤劳的peace-lovingstate-ownedwell-knownready-madesightseeingbloodthirsty3.派生:是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。happy---unhappydevelop---development前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。mis-错误的+understandv.理解---misunderstandv.误解en+largeadj.大的---enlargev.扩大后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。carev.照料---carefuladj.细心的workv.工作---workern.工人常见的前缀(A)表示否定或逆转的前缀：de-defrostdecentralizeun-unfair,unhappy,unlocknon-nonsmoker(常用在n.adj.adv.前)in-inactive,inhuman,indirect(常用在adj.后)dis-disagree,disappearm-impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m开头的词前)il-illegalillogicalir-irreal,irregular,irrelevant(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:mis-misjudge,misdirect(误导)(C).表示向背的前缀:pro-(亲，支持)pro-Chinese,pro-Americananti-（阻止，抗）antiwar,anti-Japanesewar(D).表示程度、大小的前缀super-superstar,supermarket,superman,superpowerover-overeat,overuseout-outnumber,outdomacro-macroeconomicsmicro-microeconomicsmicroscopemini-minibus,miniskirt,mini-carunder-underestimate,under-develop(E).表示时间的前缀ex-ex-president,ex-wifepre-prewar,precautionpost-postwarfore-(前，预先)foretell,forecast,foresee,weatherforecast(F).表示方位的前缀：ex-export,excludeextra-extranuclear,extraordinaryin-inland,invadeintra-intranuclear,intrastate•sub-subway,submarine•inter-•international,intercity,•interclass•trans-(横过，通过，超越，进入)•trans,cultural•transatlanticG表示数量•semi-(半，部分)semicircle,semiskilled,semi-steel•uni-unicycle,unilateral•mono-monorail•bi-bicycle•tri-triangle,tricycle•poly-polysyllable•multi–multifunctional,multinationalH表示方式或态度auto-autobiography,automobileco-cooperatecoexistencecon-connectionconcentratecol-colleague,collectcom-combinecommoncompanioncompresscontra-contradictioncounter-counterattack,countermeasureI变换词类的前缀be-befriendbelittle(轻视)en-inable,endangerem-embitter,empowerJ其它•bio-•biochemistry,biology•mal-•malnutrition,maltreat•pseudo-•pseudoscience•therm(o)-•thermometer常见的后缀1.动词变名词：-ationsatisfaction,education,realization-mentdevelopment,movement,disappointment-alarrival,refusal-eetrainee,employee-erteacher,worker-orvisitor,sailor2.形容词变名词-nesshappiness,meanness,carelessness-ityability,possibility-ismMarxism,criticism3.名词变形容词：-ywindy,rainy,sandy-ishfoolish,feverish-somehandsome,troublesome-ousdangerous,humorous-fulhelpful,careful,peaceful3.名词、形容词变动词：-ifybeautify,simplify-izerealize-enquicken,widen,sharpen但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义：Kingdom:“职位、状态”freedomBoyhood:“身份，资格”childhoodFriendship:情态\状态\性质\身份\职业\技巧\技能”leadership,hardshipSpoonful：构成名词mouthful(满口,一口),handful(一把)4.截短:是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。telephone---phoneinfluenza---flu.流行性感冒5.缩合:是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。smokeandfog----smog烟雾TestofEnglishasaforeignlanguage–TOEFL托福InternationalEnglishlanguagetestsystem-IELTS雅思1.Theheadmasterhurriedtotheconcerthallonly_________thespeaker_________.A.tofind；leftB.tofind；goneC.finding；leftD.finding；gone1.Thepeasantdied,leavinghiswifeandhisthreechildrenintheworld2.Hewokeupthenextmorning,onlytofindhimselfinthehospital.find+宾语+宾补1.findthedooropen(adj.)2.findhimsittingbythewindow(-ing)3.findthewallpainted(P.P)4.findhimselfinthehospital(prep.phrase)2.—Ifailedagain.IwishI__harder.—Butyou__.A.hadworked；hadn’tB.worked；don’tC.hadworked；didn’tD.worked；didn’twish1.Iwishyousuccess.2.Iwishyoutohelpme.3.Givemybestwishesto…4.IwishIwereabird.5.IwishIcouldhelpyou.6.IwishIhadattendedtheballyesterday.3.—Whynotgooutforawalkbeforebreakfast?—Oh，yes.___ismyfavoritetimeofday.A.IntheearlymorningB.EarlymorningC.TheearlyofmorningD.Theearlymorningthat1.ItwasearlymorningwhenIgothome.2.ItwasintheearlymorningthatIgothome.3.Wasitintheearlymorningthatyougothome?4.Whenwasitthatyougothome?4.Itwasnotuntilliberationthat___tohishometown.A.didhereturnB.washereturnedC.hedidreturnD.hereturned当被强调的是not...until句型时,应将not置于until之前,主句由否定句改为肯定句。当被强调的是not...until句型时,应将not置于until之前,主句由否定句改为肯定句ItisIwho/thatamgoingtobesenttheretohelpthem当被强调的是not...until句型时,应将not置于until之前,主句由否定句改为肯定句。Itwasnotuntil1920thatregularradiobroadcastbegan.Itwasherthattoldmeaboutit.Itwasshethattoldmeaboutit.ItisIwhotheteacherhaspunishedItismewhomtheteacherhaspunished.强调句•Itis/was+…that…•Itishethat/whowantstogoinsteadofyou.1.Itwas2:00whentheyleft.2.Itwasat2:00thattheyleft.•Itwasbecausehewaslatethathewasscolded.•Itwasinthestreetthathewasknockeddown.5.—I’dlikeapenwhich_____well.—Willthisone_________?A.writes；doB.writes；workC.iswritten；doD.iswritten；work6.—Canyoufinishthewritingontime?—_________.A.NevermindB.With