英语长、难句子翻译指导

英语长、难句子翻译技巧虚拟语气（SubjunctiveMood）虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，表示所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种假设，愿望，建议，怀疑，猜测或不大可能实现的空想。I.虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中•虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中，通常从句由连词if引导,通常表达三种含义:•1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句•2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句•3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句•注意:在条件状语从句中，如果有were,should,had，可以把连词if省去，把were,should,had提前放在句首，构成条件意义。•1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句•条件状语从句:•If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were)•主句:主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词•E.g.IfIfeareddeath,Iwouldn’tbeacommunist.•怕死就不做共产党员。•Iftherewerenoair,wecouldn’tlive.•如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。•1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句•条件状语从句:•If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were)•主句:主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词•E.g.IfIfeareddeath,Iwouldn’tbeacommunist.怕死就不做共产党员。•Iftherewerenoair,wecouldn’tlive.•如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。•Exercise:•IwouldaskGeorgetolendusthemoneyifI__him.•A.hadknownB.knewC.haveknownD.know•I___ittohimifIthoughthewouldunderstand.•A.shallexplainB.willexplain•C.wouldexplainD.explain•2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句•条件状语从句:If+主语+动词过去完成式•主句:主语+would,should,could,might+have+过去分词•E.g.Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.•如果你早来几分钟，你就会碰上他。•Iftherehadbeennoairinthetube,theresultoftheexperimentwouldhavebeenmoreaccurate.•如果试管中没有空气，实验结果就会更精确。•Exercise:•Ifyouhadn’tgonewithTomtothepartylastnight,___.•A.youwouldmeetJohnalready•B.youwon’thavemissedJohn•C.youwillhavemetJohn•D.youwouldhavemetJohn•3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句•条件状语从句:If+主语+should+原形动词，•或If+主语+were+不定式+原形动词•主句:主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词•E.g.Ifheweretocometomorrow,thingswouldbeeasier.假如他明天会来，事情就容易办了。•Ifthesandshouldbebrokenup,itwouldgiveoutmuchenergy.•如果沙子能被分解，它会释放出大量的能量。•注：在表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句中，从句中的should有时可以省略。•E.g.Ifhemakethedesign,hemightdoitinsomeotherway.•要是他来搞这个设计，他可能用另外的方法设计。•Exercise:•Ifthesea____torise50feet,Indiawouldbecomeanisland.A.willB.isC.wasD.were•Ifyou____toseeMary,whatwouldyoutellher?•A.areB.willbegoingC.mustD.were•错综时间的虚拟语气•在一些含有虚拟语气的句子中，如果主句与从句的谓语表示不同的时间，虚拟语气可有不同形式，即主句与从句各自按自己的时间构成虚拟形式。•E.g.IfIhadmethimbefore,Icouldrecognizehim.•要是我以前遇见过他，我就能认出他了。（从句表示与过去事实相反，主句表示与现在或将来事实相反）•Ifweweredrivingataspeedof100Lianhour,wewouldhavearrivedthere2hoursago.•如果我们的行车速度每小时100里，两小时以前我们就会到达那里了。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反）•省略连词if•在条件状语从句中，如果有were,should,had，可以把连词if省去，把were,should,had提前放在句首，构成条件意义。•E.g.Shoulditraintomorrow,whatwouldyoudo?•万一明天下雨，你怎么办？•Weretherenofriction,wecouldnotwalk.•要是没有摩擦力,我们就不能行走。•Hadweknownaboutthenewmethod,weshouldhaveapplieditearlier.•如果我们过去知道这种新方法，我们早就应用了。•Exercise:HadAlicebeenmorehardworking,she___.•A.hadnotfailedB.wouldnotfail•C.couldnotbefailedD.wouldnothavefailed•____today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.•A.WouldheleaveB.Washeleaving•C.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves•____difficulties,wewouldbesuccessful.•A.ShouldweovercomeB.Wouldweovercome•C.MightweovercomeD.CouldweovercomeII.虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中•虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中，（常常省去连词that），表示不可能实现的愿望。1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望•2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望•3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望•1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望•主语+wish(that)+从句主语+动词过去式（be一律用were）•E.g.IwishIkneweverythingintheworld.•Iwishthattheexperimentwereasuccess.•Wewishwehadwings.我们希望有翅膀。•Exercise:Iwishit____notsocoldoutside.•A.shallbeB.beC.wereD.is•IwishI____youbetter.•A.knowB.knewC.willknowD.haveknown•2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望•主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/could+have+过去分词或had+过去分词•E.g.Iwishthatyouhadcalledyesterday.•IwishthatIcouldhavegonewithyoulastnight.•Ididn’tgototheparty,butIdowishIhadbeenthere.•Exercise:Iwishyou______suchagreatdealoffuss.•A.werenotcausedB.hadnotcaused•C.havenotcausedD.arenotcaused•Iwishthatyou______suchabadheadachebecauseI’msurethatyouwouldhaveenjoyedtheconcert.•A.hadn’thadB.hadn’t•C.didn’thaveD.hadn’thave•3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望•主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词•E.g.Iwishthathecouldtryagain.•IwishthatsomedayIshouldliveonthemoon.•Wewishthattheywouldcomesoon.•Exercise:•Iwishthatwe______withmybrotherwhenhefliestoEnglandnextweek.•A.couldgoB.hadgoneC.willgoD.aregoing•III.虚拟语气用在其它名词从句中•1.虚拟语气用在suggest,demand,insist,ask,move,advise.desire,order,propose,require,recommend,request,maintain,vote等表示建议，命令，请求的动词后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语用should+原形动词，但美国英语中常要省去should。•E.g.Isuggestwestartatonce.•Theyproposethatyou(should)readtherulescarefully.•Thecommanderorderedthatthesoldierfireattheenemy.•Heinsistedthathegothereonfoot.•2.虚拟语气用在Itis+形容词（或过去分词）+that....的主语从句中，表示要求，建议，提议，命令，请求等，英国英语中从句的谓语用“should+原形动词（或完成式）构成”，而美国英语中则要求用原形动词。该句型中常用的形容词或过去分词有：advisable,desirable,essential,important,better,keen,natural,necessary,probable,possible,strange,vital,desired,demanded,requested,suggested,recommended,required等。•E.g.Itisnecessarythatthemachine(should)beoiledonceaweek.•Itisimportantthateveryone(should)obeythelaw.•Itissuggestedthatyoutakeawalkaftersupper.•3.虚拟语气用在与表示建议，要求，提议，命令，请求等意思有关的同位语从句和表语从句中，英国英语中要求从句谓语用“should+原形动词”，而美国英语中则要求用原形动词，但在asif,asthough引导的表语从句中，从句中谓语用动词过去式或过去完成式，表示对现在或过去的虚拟。•E.g.Hecompliedwiththerequirementthattheexperiment(should)bedonetomorrow.他同意明天再做实验的要求。•Helooksasifheweretired.他面带倦容。•Weagreetothesuggestionthatthey(should)workonnightshiftsinturn.我们同意轮流值夜班的建议。•Hisorderisthatyou(should)sendthematerialstotheworksiteatonce.他的命令是你们要把材料立即送到工地。•4.虚拟语气用在Itis(high,about)time(that)句型中，定语从句中谓语用动词过去式，意指将来。•E.g.Itistime(that)wewenthome.•Itishightimewehadthemeeting.•Itistimeyouleft.•ItistimethatIwasoff.•注：如果主语是单数第一，三人称，动词be常用wa