Aristotle--PPT

AristotleBibliographyPresentedbyLinda晶Dec.10,2010•Aristotle['æristɔtl]wasbornin394B.C,innorthernGreek.HisfatherwasacourtphysiciantoKingofMacedonia[,mæsi'dəunjə].Butwhenhewasstillalittleboy,bothhisparentsdied.Attheageof17,hewenttoAthens['æθinz]andjoinedtheAcademyofPlato['pleitəu].UnderPlato,Aristotleattendedhislecturesforaperiodoftwentyyears.InthelateryearsofhisassociationwithPlatoandtheAcademyhebegantolectureonhisownaccount,especiallyonthesubjectofrhetoric['retərik]修辞学forms.In342B.C,attheinvitationofBibliography(384-322BCE)PhilipofMacedoniahebecamethetutorofhis13yearoldsonAlexander;hedidthisforthenextfiveyears.BothPhilipandAlexanderhadpaidAristotlehighhonor,andsuppliednotonlywithfundsforteaching,butalsowiththousandsofslavestocollectspecimens标本forhisstudiesinnaturalscience.AfterAlexanderbecameAlexandertheGreat,in335B.C,hereturnedtoAthensandsetuphisownschoolnamedLyceum吕克昂.Forthenextthirteenyearshedevotedhisenergiestohisteachingandcomposinghisphilosophicaltreatises.Twelveyearslater,whenAlexanderdied,theAthenianswantedtokillhim.AristotleleftAthensanddiedin322.B.C.Aristotle'sAdvicetoAlexander•First,donotoverchargethebalance.•Secondly,donotfeedafirewithasword.•Thirdly,donotstressthecrown.•Fourthly,donoteattheheartofalittlebird.•Fifthly,whenyouhaveoncecommencedaproperundertaking,neverturnfromit.•Sixthly,donotwalkonthehighroad大路.•Seventhly,donotallowaprating空谈swallowtopossessyoureaves屋檐.•Thekingcarefullyconsideredthemeaningofthesepuzzlingdirections;and,observingthem,experiencedtheirutility效用inhissubsequent后来的life.Achievement•AristotleisatoweringfigureinancientGreekphilosophy,makingcontributionstologic,metaphysics形而上学,mathematics,physics,biology,botany植物学,ethics,politics,agriculture,medicine,danceandtheatre.HewasastudentofPlato.Inhislifetime,Aristotlewroteasmanyas200treatises,ofwhichonly31survive.Unfortunatelyforus,theseworksareintheformoflecturenotesanddraftmanuscriptsneverintendedforgeneralreadership,sotheydonotdemonstratehisreputedpolishedprosestyle.Aristotlewasthefirsttoclassifyareasofhumanknowledgeintodistinctdisciplines.Someoftheseclassificationsarestillusedtoday.EthicsandPolitics•Aristotle’semphasisongoodreasoningcombinedwithhisbeliefinthescientificmethodformsthebackdropformostofhiswork.Forexample,inhisworkinethicsandpolitics,Aristotleidentifiesthehighestgoodwithintellectualvirtue;thatis,amoralpersonisonewhocultivatescertainvirtuesbasedonreasoning.Andinhisworkonpsychologyandthesoul,Aristotledistinguishessenseperception感觉fromreason,whichunifiesandinterpretsthesenseperceptionsandisthesourceofallknowledge.EthicsandPolitics•Aristotledoesnotregardpoliticsasaseparatesciencefromethics,butasthecompletion,andalmostaverification查证ofit.Themoralidealinpoliticaladministrationisonlyadifferentaspectofthatwhichalsoappliestoindividualhappiness.Humansarebynaturesocialbeings,andthepossessionofrationalspeech(logos)initselfleadsustosocialunion.Thestateisadevelopmentfromthefamilythroughthevillagecommunity,anoffshoot分支ofthefamily.Formedoriginallyforthesatisfactionofnaturalwants,itexistsafterwardsformoralendsandforthepromotionofthehigherlife.Thestateinfactisnomerelocalunionforthepreventionofwrongdoing,andtheconvenienceofexchange.Itisalsonomereinstitutionfortheprotectionofgoodsandproperty.Itisagenuinemoralorganizationforadvancingthedevelopmentofhumans.Workss•Logic–Categories(10classificationsofterms)–OnInterpretation(propositions,truth,modality)–PriorAnalytics(syllogisticlogic)–PosteriorAnalytics(scientificmethodandsyllogism)–Topics(rulesforeffectiveargumentsanddebate)–OnSophisticalRefutations(informalfallacies)•Physicalworks–Physics(explainschange,motion,void,time)–OntheHeavens(structureofheaven,earth,elements)–OnGeneration(throughcombiningmaterialconstituents)–Meteorologics(originofcomets,weather,disasters)•Psychologicalworks–OntheSoul(explainsfaculties,senses,mind,imagination)–OnMemory,Reminiscence,Dreams,andProphesying•Worksonnaturalhistory–HistoryofAnimals(physical/mentalqualities,habits)–OnthepartsofAnimals–OntheMovementofAnimals–OntheProgressionofAnimals–OntheGenerationofAnimals–Minortreatises–Problems•Philosophicalworks–Metaphysics(substance,cause,form,potentiality)–NicomacheanEthics(soul,happiness,virtue,friendship)–EudemainEthics–MagnaMoralia–Politics(beststates,utopias,constitutions,revolutions)–Rhetoric(elementsofforensicandpoliticaldebate)–Poetics(tragedy,epicpoetry)Thankyouforyourappreciation!