经典的电机控制知识介绍(ST).ppt

1Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamA/PPowerBusinessUnit电机控制2Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamA/PPowerBusinessUnit电机驱动概念，工作原理，拓扑Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit有刷直流电机(1)转子直流电压通过电刷给绕组馈电定子永久磁体结构或者绕组(可以单独励磁或者与转子绕组串联或并联)Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit有刷直流电机(2)电源电压2到320V功率最高20kW转速最高30,000转/分钟典型应用音像产品电剔须电动玩具车体功能工厂自动化力矩=kIIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit有刷直流电机-拓扑VCCGNDM控制器VCCGNDM控制器GNDVCCGND控制器MIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit应用:打印机–汽车空调工厂自动化–机床力矩转速步进电机特别适合需要精确定位的应用，如计算机外设或数控机床。典型应用参数电源电压:12到180VDC电机功率:最高300W转速范围最高1000转/分钟.步距角精度:最低0.1度主要优点静转矩大定位精确步进电机(1)力矩=kIIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit驱动方法半步进全步进单相导通全步进双相导通微步进最常用步进电机永磁式步进电机混合式步进电机步进电机(2)Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit混合式步进电机转子永久磁体和一个齿状软铁端帽定子装配绕组的磁极Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit永磁式步进电机转子永久磁体(无齿)定子装配绕组的磁极Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit双相单极步进电机VCCGNDVCCGND控制器MIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit双相双极步进电机VCCGNDVCCGND控制器MIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit优点在宽转速范围内可调速起动时力矩大速度易于调节低成本解决方案交流或直流电源（转子方向与所施电压的极性无关）缺点寿命短电刷噪声，火花干扰，RFI干扰效率低普通电机(1)Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit普通电机(2)交流电机或普通电机系列应用真空吸尘器洗衣机食品加工机便携工具Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit普通电机–基本关系式力矩=kI2反电动势=ke·Φ·转速力矩=km·Φ·II=(V–反电动势)/RIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit普通电机–拓扑(1)相角控制具有成本效益的解决方案单片机直接装在电源上双向晶闸管直接启动调速吸收反馈注入电流Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit普通电机–拓扑(2)DCPWM控制小波纹电流降低噪声优化效率Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit也叫交流异步或者笼式电机优点高耐用性高可靠性(无刷)价格低廉(无刷,成熟技术)高效(高达80%)无噪声缺点直到今天，调节转速还需要使用成本昂贵的电子元器件必要时需要复杂的数学模型（很多关联变量，非线性方程式）三相供电，120°相移感应交流电机(1)Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit磁极绕组特殊排列，并需要适当的波形电流，以产生旋转磁通量。磁通旋转速度由电压频率和磁极数量确定（上图中有两副磁极）转子:转子带有短路绕组转子速度低于定子频率感应电机工作原理定子旋转磁场在转子中感应出电流(变压器工作原理:转子的短接绕组可以视为二次侧)因为感应，转子上也产生磁场定子与感应的转子磁场之间交互作用，产生旋转力矩:转子以较慢的速度旋转，磁通量将趋于匹配它们的位置。从来不会实现同步的（异步电机），因为，不会再感应出更多电流。感应交流电机(2)Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit2相感应交流电机感应交流电机(3)Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit感应交流电机基本力矩对转速特性Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit感应交流电机–标量控制(1)通过提高定子电压改变有效力矩Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit感应交流电机–标量控制(2)通过改变电压频率比，调节电机转速电压值=kx频率：使最大力矩保持恒定(V/f=k产生恒定电流，从而形成恒定的定子磁场。)这种方法叫做标量控制。Industrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitApplications&ArchitecturesTeamIndustrial&PowerConversionDivisionIndustrialBusinessUnitA/PPowerBusinessUnit感应交流电机–标量控制(3)基本原则是保持压频比V/f恒定，以产生恒定力矩(无需调节：开环控制)优点:简单