欧洲文化入门复习指南1-4章

DivisionOne:GreekCultureandRomanCulture(Europeancultureismadeupofmanyelements.Twooftheseelementsareconsideredtobemoreenduringandtheytheyare:theGreco-Romanelement,andtheJudeo-Christianelement.)I.GreekCulture1.TheHistoricalContext1).InamoreremoteperiodofGreekhistory,probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreece（希腊）andTroy(特洛伊）2).Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.WhatmarkedthehighpointofdevelopmentinGreekcultureinthe5thcenturyB.C.?1).ThehighpointofdevelopmentinGreekculturewasmarkedby(a)thesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcenturyB.C.,(b)theestablishmentofdemocracyand(c)theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens（雅典）.2).The5thcenturyB.C.closedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta（斯巴达）inGreece.3).Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,allGreecewasbroughtundertheruleofAlexander,KingofMacedon（马其顿王国）.4).In146B.C.theRomansconqueredtheGreece.2.SocialandPoliticalStructureWhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?1).Athenswasademocracy,whereonlytheadultmalecitizenshadtherights.2).TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.3).TheGreekslovedsports.Onceeveryfouryears,theyhadabigfestivalonOlympusMountwhichincludedcontestsofsports.4).Revisedin1896,theGameshavebecometheworld’sforemostamateursportscompetition.3.Homer(about700B.C.)（荷马）WhatdidHomerdo?1).AncientGreeksconsideredHomertobetheauthoroftheirepics:theIliad《伊利亚特》andtheOdyssey《奥德赛》.2).Homerprobablylivedaround700B.C.3).TheIliadandtheOdysseyarenotabouteventsofHomer’sowntime,butaboutgreatmenandwarsaboutaremoterage,probablyintheperiodof1200—1100B.C.Iliad1).TheIliaddealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnon（阿伽门农）intheirwaragainstthecityofTroy.2).TheheroesareHector（赫克托耳）ontheTrojansideandAchilles（阿喀琉斯）andOdysseus（奥德修斯）ontheGreek.3).Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.Odyssey1).TheOdysseydealswiththereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanwartohishomelandIthaca（伊萨卡岛）.2).TheOdysseydescribesmanyadventuresOdysseusranintoonhislongvoyageandhowhewasreunitedwithhisfaithfulwifePenelope（珀涅罗珀）.WhyisHomerimportantinEuropeanliterature?1).Countlesswritershavequoted,adapted,andborrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomersepics.2).Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeRomanticpoets(Byron,ShelleyandKeats)expressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics.3).Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.1.LyricPoetry1).Ofmanyofthelyricpoetsofthe(Greek)time,twoarestilladmiredbyreaderstoday:Sappho（萨福）andPindar（品达）.2).Sapphowasawomanpoetnotedforherlovepoemsofpassionateintensity.3).Pindarisbestknownforhisodescelebratingthevictoriesattheathleticgames,suchasthe14Olympianodes.2.Drama1).Earlyintheirremotepast,theGreeksstartedtoperformplaysatreligiousfestivals.2).Outofthesereligionsapowerfuldramadevelopedinthe5thcenturyB.C.3).Performancesweregiveninopen-airtheatres,withtheaudiencesittingonstonebenchesandlookingdownatthestagefromthreesides.Outstandingdramatists1).TheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreecewereAeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）,Sophocles（索福克勒斯）,Euripides（欧里庇得斯）andAristophanes（阿里斯托芬）.A.Aeschylus(525—456B.C.)a.Aeschylusisnotedforhisvividcharacterportrayalandmajesticpoetry.b.AeschyluswroteplayssuchasPrometheusBound《被缚的普罗米修斯》,Persians《波斯人》andAgamemnon《阿伽门农》.B.Sophocles(496—406B.C.)a.SophocleswastheauthorofplayslikeOedipustheKing《奥狄普斯王》,Electra《伊莱克特拉》andAntigone《安提戈涅》.b.OedipustheKingisthestoryofamanwhounknowinglycommittedaterriblesinbykillinghisfatherandmarryinghismother.c.TheAustrianpsychiatristSigmundFreud’sterm“theOedipuscomplex”（奥狄普斯情结）wasalsoderivedfromSophocles’splay.C.Euripides(484—406B.C.)a.EuripideswrotemainlyaboutwomeninsuchplaysasAndromacheMedeaandTrojanWomen.b.Euripidesmaybecalledthefirstwriterof“problemplays”.D.ComedyAristophanes(about450—380B.C.)1).AristophaneswrotesuchplaysasFrogs《蛙》,Clouds《云》,Wasps《黄蜂》andBirds《鸟》.6.HistoryA.Herodotus(484—430B.C.)希罗多德a.Herodotusisoftencalled“FatherofHistory”.b.HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.B.Thucydides(about460—404B.C.)修昔底德a.ThucydidestoldaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse,aGreekstateontheislandofSicily（西西里岛）.7.PhilosophyandScienceScientistsA.Pythagoras(about500B.C.--?)毕达哥拉斯a.Pythagoraswasthefounderofscientificmathematics.b.ToPythagorasandhisschoolweowetheabstractconceptionsunderlyingmathematics—point,line,magnitude,surface,body—andthefirsttheoryofproportion.B.Heracleitus(about540—480B.C.)赫拉克利特a.Heracleitusbelievedfiretobetheprimaryelementofuniverse,outofwhicheverythingelsehasarisen.b.Heracleitusheldthetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesandbelieveditwasthestrifebetweentheoppositesthatproducedharmony.c.Tohim,allisflux,nothingisstationary.Healsosaid:Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver;forfreshwatersareeverflowinginuponyou.Thesunisneweveryday.C.Democritus(about460—370B.C.)德谟克利特a.Democritusspeculatedabouttheatomicstructureofmatter.Hewasoneoftheearliestexponentsofatomictheory.b.Hewasoneoftheearlistphilo