英语语言学词汇学习分类

AAcquisition:AccordingtoKrashen,acquisitionreferstothegradualandsubcon-sciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.“Abbreviation”,alsocalledinsomecases“clipping”,meansthatawordthatseemsunnecessarilylongisshortened,usuallybyclippingeitherthefrontorthebackpartofit,e.g.,telephone→phone,professor→prof.,etc.Broadlyspeaking,abbreviationincludesacronymsthataremadeupfromthefirstlettersofthelongnameofanorganization,e.g.,WorldBank→WB,EuropeanEconomicCommunity→EEC,etc.Otherexamplesofacronymscanbefoundwithterminologies,tobereadlikeoneword,e.g.,radiodetectingandranging→radar.TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL,etc.arbitrariness?By“arbitrariness”,wemeanthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Adogmightbeapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonshaduseditforapig.Languageisthereforelargelyarbitrary.Butlanguageisnotabsolutelyseemtobesomesound-meaningassociation,ifwethinkofechowords,like“bang”,“crash”,“roar”,whicharemotivatedinacertainsense.Secondly,somecompounds(wordscompoundedtobeoneword)arenotentirelyarbitraryeither.“Type”and“write”areopaqueorunmotivatedwords,while“type-writer”islessso,ormoretransparentormotivatedthanthewordsthatmakeit.Sowecansay“arbitrariness”isamatterofdegree.assimilationrule?thedeletionrule?The“assimilationrule”assimilatesonesegmenttoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonesmoresimilar.Thisruleaccountsfortheraringpronunciationofthenasal[n]thatoccurswithinaword.Theruleisthatwithinawordthenasalconsonant[n]assumesthesameplaceofarticulationasthefollowingconsonant.Thenegativeprefix“in-“servesasagoodexample.Itmaybepronouncedas[in],[i]or[im]whenoccurringindifferentphoneticcontexts:e.g.,indiscrete-[](alveolar)inconceivable-[](velar)input-[‘imput](bilabial)The“deletionrule”tellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughisorthographicallyrepresented.Whiletheletter“g”ismutein“sign”,“design”and“paradigm”,itispronouncedintheircorrespondingderivatives:“signature”,“designation”and“paradigmatic”.Therulethencanbestatedas:deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.ThisaccountsforsomeoftheseemingirregularitiesoftheEnglishspelling.Antonymy?Howmanykindsofantonymsarethere?Theterm“antonymy”isusedforoppositionsofmeaning;wordsthatstandoppositeinmeaningarecalled“antonyms”,oropposites,whichfallintherecategories1)gradableantonyms(e.g,good-bad);(2)complementaryantonyms(e.g.,single-married);(3)relationalantonyms(e.g.,buy-sell).affixation,conversionandcompounding?“Affixation”isthemorphologicalprocesswherebygrammaticaloflexicalinformationisaddedtothebase(rootorstem).Ithasbeentheoldestandthemostproductiveword-formationmethodanalogicalcreation?Theprocessof“analogicalcreation”,asoneoftheEnglishtendenciesinEnglishword-formation,referstothephenomenonthatanewwordoranewphraseiscoinedbyanalogybetweenanewlycreatedoneandanexistingone.Forexample,“marathon”appearedattheFirstOlympicGamesandbyanalogymodernEnglishcreatedsuchwordsas“telethon”,“talkthon”,etc.Analogymaycreatesinglewords(e.g.,sunrise-moonrise,earthrise,etc.;earthquake-starquake,youthquake,etc.)andphrases(e.g.,environmentalpollution-soundpollution,airpollution,culturalpollution,etc.).assimilation,dissimilationandmetathesis?“Assimilation”referstochangeofasoundastheresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichiscalled“contact”or“contiguous”assimilation.Theassimitativeprocessesatwordinlanguagecouldbeexplainedbythe“theoryofleasteffort”,i.e.,inspeakingwetendtoexertaslittleeffortaspossiblesothatwedonotwanttovarytoooftenplacesofarticulationinutteringasequenceofsounds.Assimilationtakesplaceinquickspeechveryoften.Inexpressionssuchas“immobile”,“illegal”,etc.,thenegativeprefixesshouldbeorhavebeen“in-”etymologically.appliedlinguistics?Inthebroadestsense,appliedLinguisticsreferstothestudyoflanguageandlinguisticsinrelationtopracticalproblems,suchaslexicography,translation,speechpathology,etc.Appliedlinguisticsusesinformationfromsociology,psychology,anthropology,andinformationtheoryaswellasfromlinguisticsinordertodevelopitsowntheoreticalmodelsoflanguageandlanguageuse,andthenusesthisinformationandtheoryinpracticalareassuchassyllabusdesign,speechtherapy,languageplanning,machinetranslation,variousfacetsofcommunicationresearch,andmanyothers.Inthenarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstothestudyofsecond/foreignlanguagelearningandteaching.Itservesasamediatingareawhichinterpretstheresultsoflinguistictheoriesandmakesthemuser-friendlytothelanguageteacherandlearner.assimilationrule---Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Assimilationofneighbouringsoundsis,forthemostpart,causedbyarticulatoryorphysiologicalprocesses.Whenwespeak,wetendtoincreasetheeaseofarticulation.This“sloppy”tendencymaybecomeregularizedasrulesoflanguage.allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Forexample,[p]and[ph]arethetwophonesunderthephoneme/p/inEnglish,thus[p]and[ph]arecalledtheallophonesofthephonemeauditory