Chapter IV Word-Formation (II)

ChapterIVWord-FormationII:TheMinorProcessesWangChengshanHebeiNormalUniversityforNationalitiesSeptember24,2013EnglishLexicologyTeachingaimsToknowtheminorprocessesofword-formation:Acronymy,Clipping,Blending,Backformation,AnalogyMainContents4.1Acronymy(首字母拼音法)4.2Clipping(缩略法)4.3Blending4.4Backformation4.5NewWordsfromProperNames4.6Reduplication4.7NeoclassicalFormation4.8Analogy4.9Onomatopoeia(拟声法)Conclusion4.1Acronymy(首字母拼音法)Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.Wordsthusformedareacronyms,whichcanbesubdividedintoinitialisms(首字母缩略词)andacronyms(首字母拼音词)dependingonthepronunciationofthewords.PronouncedasnormalwordspronouncedletterbyletterInitialismsOL(officelady)HFMD(hand-foot-mouthdisease)IMF(internationalmonetaryfund)MC(masterofceremony)GMT(GreenwichMeanTime)GMO(geneticallymodifiedorganism)MOU(memorandumofunderstanding)GM(generalmanager/GeneralMotors/geneticallymodified)InitialismsOEM(OriginalEquipmentManufacture)B/W/H(bust/waist/hips)J.F.K.(JohnFitzgeraldKennedy)F.D.R.(FranklinD.Roosevelt)EU(EuropeanUnion)UN(UnitedNations)ISBN(InternationalStandardBookNumber)TB(tuberculosis)ABS(Anti-lockbrakesystem)Initialismsi.d.(idem)同上i.e.(idest)即etal(etalli)以及其他vs.(versus)…对…cf(confer)参看c/o(careof)烦…转交p.s.(postscript)附言InitialismsAPUPIAFPDPANHKAssociatedPressUnitedPressInternationalAgenceFrancainedePressDeutschePressAgenturNipponHosoKyokai美联社合众国际社法新社德新社日本广播公司AcronymsDINK(doubleincome,nokid)NILK(noincome,lotsofkids)DIDK(doubleincome,dogaskid)NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)ASEAN(AssociationforSouth-EastAsianNations)OPEC(OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries)APEC(Asia-PacificEconomicCo-operation)SALT(StrategicArmsLimitationTalks)WASP(whiteAnglo-SaxonProtestant)AcronymsAIDS(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)ROM(readonlymemory)IELTS(InternationalEnglishlanguagetestingsystem)TOEFL(testofEnglishasaforeignlanguage)CALL(computer-aidedlanguagelearning)TESOL(TeachingEnglishtoSpeakersofOtherLanguages)radar(radiodetectionandranging)sonar(soundnavigationandranging)laser(lightwaveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation)AcronymsSOHO(smalloffice,homeoffice)LOHAS(LifestylesofHealthandSustainability)NEET(NotinEducation,EmploymentorTraining)kipper(kidsinparents’pocketserodingretirementsavings)YAWNclan(youngandwealthybutnormal)yeepie(youthfulenergeticelderlypeopleinvolvedineverything)ASAP(assoonaspossible)4.2Clipping(缩略法)Formationofanewwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremains.Wordsthusformedarecalledclippedwords(截短词).E.g.:bus(omnibus)exam(examination)pants(pantaloons)maths(mathematics)TypesofClipping1)Frontclippingburger(hamburger)cello(violoncello)copter(helicopter)phone(telephone)van(caravan)wig(periwig)quake(earthquake)chute(parachute)TypesofClipping2)Backclippingauto(automobile)gym(gymnasium)stereo(stereophonic)hippo(hippopotamus)rhino(rhinoceros)fan(fantastic)memo(memorandum)deli(delicatessen)TypesofClipping3)Frontandbackclippingflu(influenza)fridge(refrigerator)jams(pajamas)tec(detective)asst(assistant)script(prescription)taint(contaminate)pram(perambulator)TypesofClipping4)Phraseclippingzoo(zoologicalgarden)tech(technicalcollege)pub(publichouse)pop(popularmusic)taxi(taximetercabriolet)vet(veterinarysurgeonorveteran)perm(permanentwave)4.3BlendingThedefinitionofblendingBlending（拼缀法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablendortelescopicwordorportmanteauword.Blendingisthusaprocessofbothcompoundingandabbreviation.Structurallyblendsmaybedividedintofourtypes(seepage77-80).4.3BlendingExamplesnewscast(news＋broadcast)brunch(breakfast＋lunch)smog(smoke＋fog)talkathon(talk＋marathon)slimnastics(slim＋gymnastics)videophone(video＋telephone)4.3Blendingsci-fihi-fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawkscience＋fictionhigh＋fidelitywork＋alcoholicstagnation＋inflationUnited＋Communicationssituation＋comedymotor＋hoteldove＋hawkTypesofBlending1)head+headcomsat(communication+satellite)sitcom(situation+comedy)Amerind(American+Indian)sci-tech(science+technology)sysadmin(system+administrator)maglev(magnetically+levitated)sci-fi(science+fiction)hi-fi(high-fidelity)TypesofBlending2)head+tailframily(friend-family)celesbian(celebrity+lesbian)affluenza(affluence+influenza)aglation(agriculture+inflation)manny(man+nanny)stagflation(stagnation+inflation)fantabulous(fantastic+fabulous)telethon(telephone+marathon)TypesofBlending3)head+worde-book(electronic-book)celeblog(celebrity+blog)emoticon(emotion+icon)Medicare(medical+care)grup(grown+up)Eurasia(Europe+Asia)paratroops(parachute+troops)cinemads(cinema+ads)TypesofBlending4)word+taileggwich(egg+sandwich)bikethon(bike+marathon)kidult(kid+adult)拒绝长大的成年人cheeseburger(cheese+hamburger)Reaganomics(Reagan+economics)infanticipate(infant+anticipate)eatertainment(eat+entertainment)carjack(car+hijack)4.4BackformationThedefinitionofbackformationBack-formation（逆成法）isaprocessofword-formationbywhi