国际竞争优势的来源

4-1国际竞争优势的来源几种传统解释比较优势论国家产业政策优势论管理文化优势论劳工组织优势论帝王过渡扩张论4-2TheoryofnationalcompetitiveadvantageThetheoryattemptstoanalyzethereasonsforanationssuccessinaparticularindustryPorterstudied100industriesin10nationspostulateddeterminantsofcompetitiveadvantageofanationwerebasedonfourmajorattributesFactorendowmentsDemandconditionsRelatedandsupportingindustriesFirmstrategy,structureandrivalry4-3Porter’sdiamondSuccessoccurswheretheseattributesexist.More/greatertheattribute,thehigherchanceofsuccessThediamondismutuallyreinforcingFig4.64-4FactorendowmentsFactorendowments:-Anation’spositioninfactorsofproductionsuchasskilledlabororinfrastructurenecessarytocompeteinagivenindustryBasicfactorendowmentsAdvancedfactorendowments4-5BasicfactorendowmentsBasicfactors:FactorspresentinacountryNaturalresourcesClimateGeographiclocationDemographicsWhilebasicfactorscanprovideaninitialadvantagetheymustbesupportedbyadvancedfactorstomaintainsuccess4-6AdvancedfactorendowmentsAdvancedfactors:Aretheresultofinvestmentbypeople,companies,governmentandaremorelikelytoleadtocompetitiveadvantageIfacountryhasnobasicfactors,itmustinvestinadvancedfactors4-7AdvancedfactorendowmentscommunicationsskilledlaborresearchTechnologyeducation4-8通用要素专用要素要素创造4-9选择性的要素劣势与竞争优势4-10DemandconditionsDemand:createscapabilitiescreatessophisticatedanddemandingconsumersDemandimpactsqualityandinnovation4-11高级需求与挑剔顾客预测买方需求本土需求的规模本土需求的国际化及其对国外需求的影响4-12RelatedandsupportingindustriesCreatesclustersofsupportingindustriesthatareinternationallycompetitiveMustalsomeetrequirementsofotherpartsoftheDiamond4-134-144-154-164-17FirmStrategy,StructureandRivalryLongtermcorporatevisionisadeterminantofsuccessManagement‘ideology’andstructureofthefirmcaneitherhelporhurtyouPresenceofdomesticrivalryimprovesacompany’scompetitiveness4-184-19DeterminantsofCompetitiveAdvantageinnationsGovernmentCompanyStrategy,Structure,andRivalryDemandConditionsRelatedandSupportingIndustriesFactorConditionsChanceTwoexternalfactorsthatinfluencethefourdeterminants.Fig4.84-20Porter’sTheory-predictionsPorter’stheoryshouldpredictthepatternofinternationaltradethatweobserveintherealworldCountriesshouldbeexportingproductsfromthoseindustrieswhereallfourcomponentsofthediamondarefavorable,whileimportinginthoseareaswherethecomponentsarenotfavorable4-21ImplicationsforbusinessLocationimplications:DisperseproductionactivitiestocountrieswheretheycanbeperformedmostefficientlyFirst-moverimplications:Investsubstantialfinancialresourcesinbuildingafirst-mover,orearly-moveradvantagePolicyimplications:Promotingfreetradeisinthebestinterestsofthehome-country,notalwaysinthebestinterestsofthefirm,eventhough,manyfirmspromoteopenmarkets4-22集群理论一、集群作为一种历史现象1、英国棉纺、毛纺、手套工业等纺织工业大都呈现区域集群状态2、美国1900年，美国15个地理集群4-23集群理论二、当代的集群现象1、美国硅谷2、意大利中小企业集群4-244-25集群理论三、集群的多样性与普遍性地理区域发达国家、发展中国家产业领域农业、制造业、服务业、高科技创意产业4-264-274-284-294-30集群理论三、集群理论模型1、工业区理论马歇尔《经济学原理》2、柔性专业化理论PioreandSabel(1984)3、新竞争Best(1990)4-31集群理论集群理论模型（续）4、竞争优势——钻石模型Porter(1990)5、集体效率模型Schmitz(1995)6、集体学习模型4-32集群理论集群理论模型（续）7、当地（区域）创新系统模型8、栖息地模型李钟文、米勒主编《硅谷优势》9、社会文化环境模型Saxenian：《地区优势：硅谷与128公路地区的文化与竞争》4-33集群理论集群理论模型（续）10、集群知识理论11、集群认知理论12、集群复杂性理论13、集群信息理论14、集群供应链管理理论15、集群生命周期模型4-34集群理论四、新兴的交叉学科——集群学1、集群的基本理论问题集群的性质是什么？集群是一种新型企业制度？2、集群研究的交叉学科特性经济学社会学地理学管理学4-35集群理论3、集群政策与管理集群能否创造？政府起作用的机制与渠道？如何进行集群的升级改造？集群成长高潮与低谷，集群的转型、外部竞争威胁与如何获取持续竞争优势？