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当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 项目/工程管理 > 托福阅读TPO24-3-Moving-into-Pueblos
1、MovingintoPueblosIntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschangedinthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpeoplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomedtohouseholdautonomy。
2、andtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosintroducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.Givenallthedisadvantagesoflivinginaggregatedtowns,whydidpeopleinthethirteenthcenturymoveintothesecloselypacked。
3、quarters?Fortransitionsofsuchsuddenness,archaeologistsconsidereitherpullfactors(benefitsthatdrewfamiliestogether)orpushfactors(someexternalthreatorcrisisthatforcedpeopletoaggregate).Inthiscase,pushexplanationsdominate.Populationgrowthisconsideredaparticularlyinfluentialpush.Afterseveralgenerationsofpopulationgrowth,peoplepackedthelandscapeindensitiessohighthatcommunalpueblosmayhavebeenanecessaryoutcome.AroundSandCanyon,forexample,populationsgrewfrom5-12peoplepersquarekilometerinthetenthcenturyto。
4、asmanyas30-50bythe1200s.Asdensitiesincreased,domesticarchitecturebecamelarger,culminatingincrowdedpueblos.Somescholarsexpandonthisideabyemphasizingacorrespondingneedforarablelandtofeedgrowingnumbersofpeople:constructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesindicatesthatfarmerswereintensifyingtheireffortsduringthe1200s.Competitionforgoodfarmlandmayalsohavepromptedpeopletobondtogethertoassertrightsoverthebestfields.AnotherimportantpushwastheonsetoftheLittleIceAge,aclimaticphenomenonthatled。
5、tocoolertemperaturesintheNorthernHemisphere.AlthoughtheheightoftheLittleIceAgewasstillaroundthecorner,someevidencesuggeststhattemperatureswerefallingduringthethirteenthcentury.Theenvironmentalchangesassociatedwiththistransitionarenotfullyunderstood,butpeoplelivingclosesttotheSanJuanMountains,tothenortheastofMesaVerde,wereaffectedfirst.Growingfoodattheseelevationsisalwaysdifficultbecauseoftheshortgrowingseason.AstheLittleIceAgeprogressed,farmersprobablymovedtheirfieldstolowerelevations,infringing。
6、onthelandsofotherfarmersandpushingpeopletogether,thuscontributingtotheaggregations.ArchaeologistsidentifyacorrespondingshiftinpopulationstowardthesouthandwesttowardMesaVerdeandawayfromhigherelevations.Inthefaceofallthesepushes,peopleintheMesaVerdeareahadyetanotherreasontomoveintocommunalvillages:theneedforgreatercooperation.SharingandcooperationwerealmostcertainlypartofearlyPuebloanlife,evenforpeoplelivinginlargelyindependentsingle-householdresidencesscatteredacrossthelandscape.Archaeologistsfin。
7、dthateventhemostisolatedresidencesduringtheeleventhandtwelfthcenturiesobtainedsomepottery,andprobablyfood,fromsomedistanceaway,whilemajorceremonialeventswereopportunitiesforsharingfoodandcrafts.Scholarsbelievethatthiscooperationallowedpeopletocontendwithapatchyenvironmentinwhichprecipitationandotherresourcesvariedacrossthelandscape:ifyouproducealotoffoodoneyear,youmighttradeitforpotterymadebyadistantallywhoishavingdifficultywithcrops—andthenextyear,theflowofgoodsmightgointheoppositedirection.But。
8、allofthisappearstohavechangedthirteenthcentury.Althoughtheclimateremainedasunpredictableaseverbetweenoneyearandthenext,itbecamemuchlesslocallydiverse.Inabadyearforfarming,everyonewasequallyaffected.Nolongerwasithelpfultosharewidely.Instead,themostsensiblethingwouldbeforneighborstocombineeffortstoproduceasmuchfoodaspossible,andthusaggregatedtownswereasensiblearrangement.Paragraph1:IntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschangedinthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpe。
9、oplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomedtohouseholdautonomyandtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosin。
10、troducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.1.Thewordtraumaticmeaningto○Essential○highlystressful○highlyunusual○unwise2.Thewordintenseinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○strong○questionable○obvious○deliberate3.Accordingtoparagraph1,beforethethirteenthcenturythepeopleofsouthwesternNorthAmerica。
本文标题:托福阅读TPO24-3-Moving-into-Pueblos
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