托福阅读TPO24-3-Moving-into-Pueblos

1、MovingintoPueblosIntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschangedinthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpeoplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomedtohouseholdautonomy。

2、andtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosintroducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.Givenallthedisadvantagesoflivinginaggregatedtowns,whydidpeopleinthethirteenthcenturymoveintothesecloselypacked。

3、quarters?Fortransitionsofsuchsuddenness,archaeologistsconsidereitherpullfactors(benefitsthatdrewfamiliestogether)orpushfactors(someexternalthreatorcrisisthatforcedpeopletoaggregate).Inthiscase,pushexplanationsdominate.Populationgrowthisconsideredaparticularlyinfluentialpush.Afterseveralgenerationsofpopulationgrowth,peoplepackedthelandscapeindensitiessohighthatcommunalpueblosmayhavebeenanecessaryoutcome.AroundSandCanyon,forexample,populationsgrewfrom5-12peoplepersquarekilometerinthetenthcenturyto。

4、asmanyas30-50bythe1200s.Asdensitiesincreased,domesticarchitecturebecamelarger,culminatingincrowdedpueblos.Somescholarsexpandonthisideabyemphasizingacorrespondingneedforarablelandtofeedgrowingnumbersofpeople:constructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesindicatesthatfarmerswereintensifyingtheireffortsduringthe1200s.Competitionforgoodfarmlandmayalsohavepromptedpeopletobondtogethertoassertrightsoverthebestfields.AnotherimportantpushwastheonsetoftheLittleIceAge,aclimaticphenomenonthatled。

5、tocoolertemperaturesintheNorthernHemisphere.AlthoughtheheightoftheLittleIceAgewasstillaroundthecorner,someevidencesuggeststhattemperatureswerefallingduringthethirteenthcentury.Theenvironmentalchangesassociatedwiththistransitionarenotfullyunderstood,butpeoplelivingclosesttotheSanJuanMountains,tothenortheastofMesaVerde,wereaffectedfirst.Growingfoodattheseelevationsisalwaysdifficultbecauseoftheshortgrowingseason.AstheLittleIceAgeprogressed,farmersprobablymovedtheirfieldstolowerelevations,infringing。

6、onthelandsofotherfarmersandpushingpeopletogether,thuscontributingtotheaggregations.ArchaeologistsidentifyacorrespondingshiftinpopulationstowardthesouthandwesttowardMesaVerdeandawayfromhigherelevations.Inthefaceofallthesepushes,peopleintheMesaVerdeareahadyetanotherreasontomoveintocommunalvillages:theneedforgreatercooperation.SharingandcooperationwerealmostcertainlypartofearlyPuebloanlife,evenforpeoplelivinginlargelyindependentsingle-householdresidencesscatteredacrossthelandscape.Archaeologistsfin。

7、dthateventhemostisolatedresidencesduringtheeleventhandtwelfthcenturiesobtainedsomepottery,andprobablyfood,fromsomedistanceaway,whilemajorceremonialeventswereopportunitiesforsharingfoodandcrafts.Scholarsbelievethatthiscooperationallowedpeopletocontendwithapatchyenvironmentinwhichprecipitationandotherresourcesvariedacrossthelandscape:ifyouproducealotoffoodoneyear,youmighttradeitforpotterymadebyadistantallywhoishavingdifficultywithcrops—andthenextyear,theflowofgoodsmightgointheoppositedirection.But。

8、allofthisappearstohavechangedthirteenthcentury.Althoughtheclimateremainedasunpredictableaseverbetweenoneyearandthenext,itbecamemuchlesslocallydiverse.Inabadyearforfarming,everyonewasequallyaffected.Nolongerwasithelpfultosharewidely.Instead,themostsensiblethingwouldbeforneighborstocombineeffortstoproduceasmuchfoodaspossible,andthusaggregatedtownswereasensiblearrangement.Paragraph1:IntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschangedinthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpe。

9、oplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomedtohouseholdautonomyandtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosin。

10、troducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.1.Thewordtraumaticmeaningto○Essential○highlystressful○highlyunusual○unwise2.Thewordintenseinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○strong○questionable○obvious○deliberate3.Accordingtoparagraph1,beforethethirteenthcenturythepeopleofsouthwesternNorthAmerica。