专四语法复习之：虚拟语气

虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法1.表示现在或将来情况的虚拟条件句2.表示过去情况的虚拟条件句3.错综时间条件句4.含蓄条件句1、表示现在或将来情况的虚拟条件句动词形式为：条件从句表示一个假想的与事实相反的情况，或不太可能发生的情况Ifwehadenoughmoney,wewouldbuyacomputer.(Butwehaven’t.)Ifshestayedanotherday,hewoulddriveherhome.(Butshewantstogohomenow.)条件从句的谓语主句谓语相当于过去时的形式would+动词原形在条件从句中，如果谓语动词是be，一般要用were，特别是在较正式的文体中：Ifsheweretryingharder,herparentswouldn’tbesoanxious.IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakethatjob.但口语中，在第一、三人称后，也可使用was：IfIwasrich,Iwouldbuyyouanythingyouwanted.但在第一人称后，还是用were好，尤其是在ifIwereyou(inyourposition)中：IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tbuythatcar.需要注意的特殊情况①主句中有时可用could,might,should或oughtto构成谓语：Ifhewerehere,hecouldhelpus.Ifhefailedheoughttotryagain.②从句中可用would表示“意愿”IfAnnwouldadmitthisIshouldn’tquarrelwithher.③从句中可用wereto或wasto构成谓语，表示将来万一发生的情况：Ifyouweretospeaktohim,itwouldcarrymoreweight.④从句中可用should构成谓语，这时主句可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气：Ifitshouldbenecessary,Icouldcomeatsix.Ifshewouldbeinterested,I’llphoneher.⑤if可能被省略，这时从句要用倒装语序：Weresheincharge,shewoulddothingsdifferently.(=Ifshewereincharge)Shouldyouchangeyourmind,noonewouldblameyou.(=Ifyouchangedyourmind)⑥从句可用“Ifitwerenotfor…”这种句型，表示“若不是……”Ifitweren’tforyourhelp,Iwouldstillbehomeless.Wereitnotforyourhelp,Iwouldn’tbedoingsowell.⑦一些特殊的不完整的条件句：Supposehewerelost.Imagineyourchildplayedtruant.2、表示过去情况的虚拟条件句动词形式为：表示与事实完全相反的过去情况Ifanythinghadhappened,hewouldhaveletherknow.(Actuallynothinghappened.)IfIhadbeenJane,Iwouldn’thaveansweredthatquestion.条件从句的谓语主句谓语相当于过去时的形式would+动词原形需要注意的地方①主句中可用could、might或should构成谓语：Ifshehadbeenhere,shecouldhavemetmysister.IfIhadgottenupearlierthismorning,Imightnothavebeenlate.Ifhehadapologized,youshouldhavedonesotoo.②省略if时，从句要改为倒装结构：IfIhadknownyouraddress,Iwouldhavewrittentoyoubefore.HadIknownyouraddress,Iwouldhavewrittentoyoubefore.③从句中可用Ifithadnotbeenfor表示“要不是有”：Ifithadn’tbeenfortherain,wewouldhavehadagoodharvest.Haditnotbeenforthedoctor’scare,Iwouldn’thaverecoveredsosoon.3、错综时间条件句①条件句中的动词形式多是一般情况，但也有例外情况：IfIhadnotgotmarried,Iwouldstillhavebeenlivingabroad.Ifithadbeenrainingthismorning,wewouldhavestayedhome.②有时主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作发生的时间不同：Ifyouhadlistenedtome,youwouldn’tbeinsuchtroublenow.Ifithadn’tbeenforhercare,Ishouldnotbespeakingtoyounow.4、含蓄条件句在不少情况下，句子不一定包含一个条件从句，但意思和条件句差不多，这时谓语仍可用虚拟语气：Tohearhimtalk,youwouldthinkhewasPrimeMinister.(=Ifyoucouldhearhimtalk…)Butforhispension,hewouldstarve.(=Wereitnotforhispension…)Withoutyourhelp,Icouldn’thaveachievedallthis.(=Haditnotbeenforyourhelp…)二、虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用1.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用2.虚拟语气在主语、表语、同位语从句中的运用3.虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用1、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用①wish后的宾语从句一类用相当于过去式的形式，指现在的情况：Iwishwehadmoremoney.动词be都用were的形式：Iwish(that)shewerehere.另一类用相当于过去完成时的形式表示过去的情况，常常有懊悔的意思：IwishIhadbeenhereyesterday.若宾语指将来的情况，谓语用would/could/might构成，接近一种客气的请求：Iwishyouwouldn’tsmokeanymore.IwishIcoulddosomethingforyouinreturn.Shesincerelywishedthatshemightdosomethingtocomforthim.②wouldrather/sooner后的宾语从句：谓语用相当于过去式的形式来表示现在或将来的情况：Iwouldrathershesatnexttome.也可用相当于过去完成时的形式表示过去的情况：I’dratherhehadn’ttoldmeaboutit.hadrather和prefer后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气表示“宁愿”：Ihadratheryoudidit.Ipreferthatshedrive.在ifonly和suppose后用虚拟语气表示惋惜：IfonlyIhadlistenedtoyouradvice!Supposeyourfathersawyouwhatwouldhesay?③demand,insist,ask等动词后的宾语从句：用“(should)+动词原形”构成谓语Heurgesthattherestrictionsbelifted.Thedoctoradvisedthathechangehisjob.Theyrecommendthatthistaxbeabolished.2、虚拟语气在主语、表语、同位语从句中的运用①在主语从句中通常使用“(should+动词原形)”：It’svitalthatwebepresent.Itisimportantthatthismissionnotfail.It’sunthinkablethattheyshoulddenymyrequest.(含“竟然”的意思)②在表语从句中多用动词原形：Hissolerequirementwasthatthesystemwork.Ourdecisionisthattheschoolremainclosed.HersuggestionwasthattheycarryontheirconversationinFrench.③在同位语从句中用动词原形或带should的形式：Theywerefacedwiththedemandthathistaxbeabolished.Theresolutionthatwomenbeallowedtojointhesocietywascarried.Theyexpressedthewishthatsheaccepttheaward.3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用①在“be+形容词”后的状语从句：谓语用“should+动词原形”I’msurprisedthatheshouldfeellonely.Hewasamazedthattheyshouldexpressindignationatthismatter.Theywereinsistentthatwebeready.②asif和asthough引起的状语从句：动词形式和wish后的宾语从句中的谓语形式差不多Heactsasifheknewyou.ShetreatsmeasifIwereastranger.Wefeelasthoughwehadwitnessedthewholething.当主句谓语为look,seem,taste,smell时，从句的谓语用陈述语气：Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.Itseemsasifweshallhavetowalk.Thismeattastesasifithasalreadygonebad.Themilksmellsasifitissour.③某些让步从句和目的从句中谓语可用虚拟语气：Poorthoughyoumightbe,youcannotliveallyourlifeoncharity.TryasIwould,Icouldnotprevailuponhimtofollowmyadvice.Theyleftearlyforfearthattheywouldmeethim.Theyremovedtheprisonerinorderthathewouldnotdisturbtheproceedingsanyfurther.三、虚拟语气的一些其他用法1.在表示祝愿的话语中：Godblessyou!Godbepraised.Longlivethecountry!Heavenhelpus!Mayyouhavealongandhappylife!2.一些固定说法：Sobeit.就这样吧。Farbeitfrommetospoilthefun.我才不想扫大家的兴呢。Sufficeittosaythatwewon.我们胜利了，说这一句就够了。3.It’s(high)time后的从句中：Ithinkit’stimeyouwenttobed.It’shightimeyouboughtanewcar.4.wouldrather/sooner+不定式Iwouldratherbeaminerthanabankclerk.Shewouldrathergobycar.Ifshehadhadachance,shewouldratherhavelived100yearsago.5.某些成语本身就是虚拟语气①asitwere②wouldthink③wouldhavethought④ifneedbe⑤(who/what)sh