非谓语动词的时态与语态

Lesson2非谓语非谓语动词的时态与语态1.动词不定式例句：(1)Tellherweshallbedelightedtocome.(2)Sheiswaitingtohearyouranswer.(3)Sheissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutpeasants.(4)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready,.(5)Hefeltashamedtohavedonesuchathing.(6)Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.(7)It’sanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.2分词例句：(1)Theysatfacingeachother.(2)Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.(3)Heaskedwhowasthemanbeingoperatedon.(4)Thenew-typemachine-toolsproducedbythefactoryareallofthefirstclass.3.动名词例句：(1)Idon'tliketroublingyou.（与谓语同时）(2)Theyareallinterestedinclimbingmountains.（现在或未来）(3)Ihavenoideaoftheirhavingdonesuchathing.(4)Hedidn’tmindbeingleftathome.（注）在某些动词后（或成语中），我们常用或可以用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作在谓语之前发生。例如：(1)Heapologizedforinterruptingus.(2)Onreturninghome,hefoundhismotherseriouslyill.(3)Excusemeforcominglate.非谓语动词的用法作主语：1不定式作主语表1To+V……+VWhen(疑问副词)+to+V…+VForSb.+to+V(1)Toperseveremeansvictory.(2)Whentostartremainsundecided.(3)Forustoberedandexpertisnotonlynecessarybutalsopossible.（注）不定式作主语，常用it做形式主语改写成下列句型表21.Itis+N+to+V2.Ittakessb.+sometime+to+V3.Itis+Adj.+for+to+V4.Itis+Adj+ofsb.+to+V(1)Itisourdutytosupporttheirstruggleforliberation.(2)Itonlytookusayeartocompletetheproject.ItishardformetomasterEnglish.（注）用于这一句型的形容词只限于下列几个：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,impossible,unnecessary,important,它们的共同特点是表示客观情况，不能改写成beofsb.+to+V(1)It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(2)It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.（注）后跟ofsb.的形容词:kind,good,nice,clever,silly,wrong,right,wise,unwise,foolish,stupid,lazy,careless,cunning,rude,honest,naughty,impolite,considerate以上在动词不定式前的forsb.或ofsb都可看成它的逻辑主语。2．动名词作主语表1Doing….+V(1)Readingisanart.(2)Seeingisbelieving.表2It’snogood…/nouse…/fun…/agoodpleasure…/awasteoftime…/abore…+doing(1)It’snousearguingaboutthepoint.(2)It’snogoodwaitinghere,let’swalkhome.(3)It’sfunhavingguestsfortheweekend.(4)It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.Wedon’tthinkit’saboredoingthesamekindofworkeveryday.表3Thereisno+doing…(1)Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.(2)Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.表4It’s+Adj.(nice,dangerous,tiring,senseless,expensive,enjoyable)+doing(1)Itwillbeniceseeingthemagain.(2)It’sexpensiverunningthiscar.It’llbeenjoyablestudyingandworking.(注)（1）用it做形容词，把动名词置于句末。这通常适用上面这样一些形容词或名词之后。Important,essential,necessary则不适用。（2）动名词作主语和不定式作主语的区别：1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语通常表示具体动作。试比较：Smokingisprohibitedhere.Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.2）动名词作主语通常不与特定动作执行者联系在一起，而不定式作主语往往与特定动作执行者联系在一起。试比较：LivingintheWestEndhasitsdisadvantage.指一般情况，对许许多多的人而言ToliveintheWestEndwastheheightofMrs.Jameson’sambition.对某个特定动作执行者而言作表语1不定式作表语表示具体动作时，特别是表示将来动作时，多用不定式作表语。1.To+V+is+to+V(一是条件，一是结果)2.Pron.(N)+is(seem)+to+V(包括不定式完成式或被动态)3.Whatclause+is+to+V(表语说明主语内容)(1)Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither.(2)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.Thebookseemstohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguagesalready.(3)WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.(注)tobe的过去时，有时可和不定式的完成式构成谓语，表示一个想做而未做成的事。Hewastohavegiventhefirsttalk,buthecamelate.2动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为时，多用动名词作表语(1)Ourworkisservingthepeople.(2)Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.(Heiscollectingstamps.)（注）进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的情况或性质3．分词作表语现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征能引起别人的感情过去分词作表语，表示主语受外界作用所处的状态。(1)Thepresentsituationisencouraging.(2)Thislecturewasboring.(3)Weareallpleased.(4)Shelookeddisappointed.作定语1不定式作定语1.S+V+O（N）+to+V(主动态)to+V(被动态)to+V+Prep.in(on)which+to+V2Thereis(are)+N+to+V(1)Shehasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Doyouhaveanythingmoretosay?（主动，动宾）(2)Haveyouanythingtotakentothecity?（被动）(3)Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.(4)Itwasabadseasoninwhichtohaveoutings.(5)Thereisnotimetolose(tobelost).（注）1.不定式做定语和被修饰词之间：（1）表示将来的动作（2）与被修饰词之间有动宾关系（3）抽象名词后做定语，相当于一个形容词。（4）不及物动词做定语，要加适当的介词，和被修饰词形成逻辑上的动宾关系2.不定式做定语，在句中与被修饰词间有动宾关系，同时与句中其他词与词又有逻辑上主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义仍用主动态（例句1）。如又有动宾关系而无逻辑上主谓关系，则仍用被动态。（见例句2）3.Thereis(are)的句型中，不定式含被动意思，用主动或被动形式均可。2．分词（现在，过去）作定语1).doing/used/Adv.+jused+N2).N+doingphrase/usedphrase(注)过去分词做定语：1动作发生在谓动之前有被动含义。（见例句2中第2句）2没有一定的时间性（见例句2中第3句）(1)Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.Thisisrathercomplicatedproblem.Electricityremainsthewidelyusedformofenergyinindustry.(2)Hereisaletterannouncinghisarrival.Thisisabookwrittenbyapeasant.Heisamanlovedbyall.非谓语动词做定语时，请特别注意下列情况当非谓语动词与修饰的词与词之间是被动关系时，有三种情况1..指过去发生的动作时，用过去分词做定语Thequestiondiscussedisofgreatimportance.2指正在发生的动作时，用现在分词被动态定语Thequestionbeingdiscussedisofgreatimportance.3.指将来发生的动作时，用不定式被动态做定语Thequestiontobediscussedtomorrowisofgreatimportance.作宾语1.不定式作宾语表1S+V+TO+V在此句型中，要求不定式做宾语的动词有：manage,try,ask,offer,agree,expect,promise,want,begin,desire,learn,arrange,hope,like,wish,decide,afford,pretend,(1)Heofferedtohelpus.(2)Wemusttrytobecomeonewiththemasses.(3)Ididnotexpecttofindyouhere.(4)Hepretendednottoseeme.表2S+V+it+OC+to+V(1)Theworkersthinkitnecessarytoincreaseproduction.(2)Doyouconsideritimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime?表3S+V+疑问代词/疑问副词+to+V要求when,how,whether,where,which,what,who(whom)等+to+V做宾语的动词有：know,tell,teach,explain,discuss,consider,discover,guess,observe,findout,understand,wonderIdon’tknowwhattodo.Wheretogo.Whomtoask.Whentostop.HowtogetthereWhichonetobuyWhichonetobuyWhethertolaughatorcryWhenIheardthewords（注）在此句型中，if