Unit4英语写作课件

ComparisonandContrast,&CauseandEffectUnit4Bewarethatyoudonotlosethesubstancebygraspingattheshadow.AESOP:TheFableoftheDogandtheShadow35-2Mainsectionstobecovered4.1LanguageFunctionsComparisonandContrastCauseandEffect4.2WritingImprovementExerciseskeypointsComparisonandcontrastisacommonwritingstrategy.Ithelpspeopletounderstandtherelationbetweentwoseparatesubjects.Simplyput,tocompareistobringoutthesimilaritiesbetweentwoormorepersonsorthingsofthesameclasses,whereastocontrastistoemphasizethedifferencesbetweenthem.Inpractice,however,comparisonandcontrastoftenappeartogether.35-3ComparisonandContrast1.Definecomparisonandcontrast.Payattentiontothedifferencesbetweenthesetwoterms.35-4ComparisonandContrast2.Readthefollowingexamplesandtellwhethertheyarecomparisonorcontrast.35-5(1)Thisbookisthesamepriceasmanyothers.(2)CairoisnobiggerthansomecommonEuropeancities.(3)Learningtodriveacarrequiresalotofpatience.Similarly,learningalanguagerequiresaconsiderableamountofpatience.(4)Japaneseindustryinvestsconsiderablesumsofmoneyinresearchanddevelopment.Incontrast,Britishinvestmentinthisareaislow.(5)ArabicisreadfromrighttoleftwhereasEnglishisreadfromlefttoright.(6)ThemajorityofEgyptianspracticeIslam.Ontheotherhand,thereisalsoalargeChristianminority.35-6Commonlyusedexpressions•WithinsentencesComparisonAislikeBAandBaresimilarAissimilartoBAresemblesBWithrespecttocostBothAandBcost$100.AisascostlyasB.AisnomoreexpensivethanB.AcoststhesameasB.ContrastAisunlikeBAdiffersfromBAandBdifferAisdifferentfromBAcontrastswithBWithrespecttocostAcosts$100whereasBcosts$150.Acosts$100,whileBcosts$150.Acosts$100,butBcosts$150.BismoreexpensivethanA.AisnotasexpensiveasB.35-7Commonlyusedexpressions•BetweensentencesComparisonAisexpensivetobuy.Similarly,itisexpensivetooperate.Aisexpensivetobuy.Likewise,itisexpensivetooperate.Aisexpensivetobuy.Correspondingly,itisexpensivetooperate.ContrastAisexpensivetobuy.Ontheotherhand,itischeaptooperate.Aisexpensivetobuy.Incontrast,itischeaptooperate.Aisexpensivetobuy.Conversely,itischeaptooperate.35-8TwomodesofstructureSubject-by-subject/blockstructure1.BostonA.CultureB.EntertainmentC.HistoryD.Scenery2.SanFranciscoA.CultureB.EntertainmentC.HistoryD.NaturalsceneryPoint-by-pointstructure1.CultureA.BostonB.SanFrancisco2.EntertainmentA.BostonB.SanFrancisco3.HistoryA.BostonB.SanFrancisco4.NaturalsceneryA.BostonB.SanFrancisco35-9Subject-by-subject/blockstructuree.g.•Alllearningdependsuponmotivation,perceptionandexercise.Thelanguagelearner’smostimportanttaskistointernalizethebasicpatternsandtoacquireanewsystemoflanguagehabitssothatheorshecanreactautomaticallytothestructuralsignalsofthesecondlanguage.Thiscanbeaccomplishedonlybydrill.Theoreticalstudyofalanguagedoesnotnecessarilyimproveyourabilitytospeak.Allthisappliesequallywelltoorganicchemistrylearning.Structurerecognitionandstructuredrawingmustbeautomaticandaccurate.Theeyemustlearntoassembleallcues,andsizeupjustwhathasgoneoninagivenreaction–quickly,asamatterofhabit.Obviouslyachievingthisproficiencywillalsorequiredrill.35-10Point-by-pointstructuree.g.•I’velivedinVancouverformorethan20yearsand,althoughIstillhavefondmemoriesofQuebecCity,Ipreferithere.Onereasonisclimate.QuebecCityhostsaCarnivaleverywinterfeaturingicecarvingandcitizensdrinkingCaribou(liquor)tokeepwarm.InVancouver,ontheotherhand,winterincludesblossomingcherryandplumtreesinJanuary.AnotherreasontopreferVancouverisitssize.QuebecCityisasmallcapitalcity,muchlikeVictoria.Incontrast,Vancouverisabustling(TOBECONTINUED)35-11metropolisthathasoneofthemostmulti-culturalpopulationsintheworld.MylastreasonforpreferringVancouveroverQuebecCityislanguage.QuebecoisspeakFrench,alanguageIspeakpoorly.InVancouver,however,peoplespeakEnglish,soIfeelmorecomfortablehere.AlthoughIremembermytimeinQuebecCityfondly,ImuchprefertoliveinthegentleclimateofVancouver.35-12CauseandEffectbackintimeorsequenceforwardintimeorsequenceeventsituationactionideaproblemcausereasonpurposeeffectconsequenceresultsolutionDoorslamcausepicturefallingeffecte.g.35-13Examples(1)•Afterinitialinspection,officialswiththeCityFireDepartmentsuspectedthatcarbonmonoxidepoisoningwasthecauseoftheaccident.•SinceIstartedjoggingayearago,Ihavediscoveredthatitresultsinatleastfivephysicalandmentalbenefits.•Thelaboratoryspecimenswerekilledasaresultoffluctuationintemperature.•Wewereunabletogetfundingandthereforehadtoabandontheproject.•TheRhfactorinanRh-negativemotherwhocarriesanRh-positivefetushasonemaineffectonthemotherandthreeeffectsonthefetus.35-14Examples(2)•Thehouseisnotreallysuitableforanoldpersonbecauseofallthosestairs.•Thereasonwedidn’tconsideryouforthejobwasthatyoudidn’thaveenoughexperience.•ThepriceindexinSeptembersurgedtothehighestlevelsinceAugust2003,almostentirelyduetotheMiddleEastconflict.•TherearethreemajorsocialfactorsthatcontributedtoAmericans'obesityinthe1990s.•BritishlawsthatprohibitedthesettlementoftheOhioTerritory,thatforcedthequarteringofBritishsoldiers,andthattaxedcolonistswithoutrepresentationledtothebeginningoftheRevolutionaryWar.35-154.2WritingImprovementExercises1.C