2010届高考英语语法总复习---非谓语动词考点归纳

非谓语动词考点归纳非谓语动词的句法功能名称语法功能主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√现在分词√√√√过去分词√√√√一、分词现在分词与过去分词.充当成分:定语,表语,宾补,状语.（一）现在分词1.作定语(2)awalkingstick(1)awalkingman=amanwhoiswalking=astickforwalkingWhat’sthedifferencebetween(1)and(2)?小结1动名词表示所修饰名词的性质或用途;现在分词做定语，表示动作正在进行,分词和所修饰的词之间存在主动关系,相当于一个定语从句。arunningmanThemanrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.attributeThemanwhoisrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.相当于：单个分词作定语，放在所修饰的名词前面；现在分词短语作定语则放在所修饰的名词之后。小结2Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.2.作宾语补足语Thebabywatchedhisdadshavinghisfacewithgreatinterest.Wehavethefireburningallday.现在分词作宾补常放在宾语后面，宾语与宾补存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，强调动作正在进行。小结3能跟-ing形式作宾语补足语的常见动词有：“三让、三看、两听、一注意、一发现、一感觉”。简单又好记！have,keep,leave,lookat,see,watch,hear,listento,notice,find,feel等。怎么记？1.Ourtripwasdisappointing.Wedidnotfindanyunusualplants.2.Theprogrammefortheweekendlooksexciting.Iamlookingforwardtoit.3.作表语现在分词作表语：表主语特征或性质相当于形容词，主语多为物，含有“令人…”“moving/puzzling/exciting/amusing/astonishing…”动名词作表语则表示抽象的习惯性动作，可与主语互换Myhobbyispainting./Paintingismyhobby.小结4、作状语现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。1.作时间状语-ing短语作时间状语要置于句首。如：Hearingthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。=Whentheyheardthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.Havingreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。2.作原因状语-ing短语作原因状语置于句首。如：因为太生气了，他不能入睡。=AfterIhadreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.Beingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.HavingbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidn’tgolastweek.因为他已经去过长城许多次，上周他就没去。=Becausehewassoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.=Because(As)hehadbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidn’tgolastweek.3.作条件状语-ing作条件状语置于句首或句末。如：Workinghard,youwillsucceed.如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.4.作让步状语-ing短语作让步状语，可置于句首或句末，常与evenif,though连用。如：Thoughworkingfrommorningtillnight,hisfatherdidn’tgetenoughfood.虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还是挣不到足够的吃的。=Althoughhisfatherworkedfrommorningtillnight,hedidn’tgetenoughfood.5.作伴随状语置于句首或句末。如：Theycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。=Theysangandlaughed;theycameintotheclassroom.6.作结果状语：通常放句末，中间有逗号隔开，可以在分词前加“thus”如：Thebuswasheldupbythesnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.=……，soitcausedthedelay.解析1.V-ing形式作状语,相当于一个对应的状语从句2.当v-ing形式作状语时，若它所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，需用havingdone3.v-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主语保持一致；否则必须带有自己的逻辑主语1.______theprogramme,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.A.NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NotcompletingD.Nothavingcompleted2．Themanager,_______itcleartousthathedidn’tagreewithus,leftthemeetingroom.A．whohasmadeB．havingmadeC．madeD．making3．Thestormleft,______alotofdamagetothisarea.A．causedB．tohavecausedC．tocauseD．causing4．______fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundinanyothercountryintheworld.A．BeingseparatedB．HavingseparatedC．HavingbeenseparatedD．Tobeseparated（二）过去分词1.过去分词作定语(Attribute)已升起的太阳有组织的旅行(1)在句中的位置单个的过去分词作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词或代词前面；过去分词短语作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词或代词后面。arisensunanorganizedtrippeopleaddictedtodrugsaschoolbuiltfororphans过去分词修饰something,everything,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody，those等不定代词时，要放在这些词后面。Heisoneofthoseinvited.Nothingreported(inthenewspaper)interestedhim.thechangingworldthechangedworld（正在变化的）（变化了的）boilingwaterboiledwater（正在沸腾的）（已经沸腾过的）过去分词和现在分词在做定语时的区别：过去分词表示被动或完成；现在分词表示主动或进行。(2)所表示的时间过去分词作定语时，所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Theletterpostedyesterdaywillsoonreachhim.Theyfoundadamagedcaratthegateofthepark.(3)语法功能过去分词或过去分词短语作定语时，其功能相当于一个定语从句。ThestolenbikebelongstoJack.ThebikewhichhadbeenstolenbelongstoJack.Iknowthepeoplebuildingthehousethere.(主动、进行）Thehousebeingbuiltoverthereisashop.(被动、正在建)Thehousebuiltoverthereisashop.（被动、已建好）2作表语(Predicative)过去分词作表语时，多表示主语所处的状态。Thedoorremainedlocked.Shelookeddisappointed.常见作表语的过去分词有：disappointeddrunkamusedfrightenedmarriedexcitedexperiencedinterestedconfusedpleasedpuzzledsatisfiedtiredWorried……-ing作表语与-ed作表语的区别Theresultofthetestisdisappointing.Ifeeldisappointedintheresultofthetest.Whatasurprisingresult!Iamsurprisedatwhathesaid.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget____bythehour.A.payB.payingC.paidD.topay该题考查分词作表语的用法。“topaysb.bythehour”计时给某人报酬。此题被动结构作表语。类似的有：getburnt,gethurt,getwounded.3.作状语过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，用来说明原因、时间、条件等。a、表示时间Seenfromthespace,theearthlooksblue.Whenitisseenfromspace,….b、表示条件Keptinrefrigerator,vegetableswillremainfresh.Iftheyarekeptinrefrigerator,…c、表示原因d、表示伴随情况Deeplymovedbythestory,thechildrenbegantocry.Astheyweredeeplymoved,….Shewalkedoutofthehouse,followedbyherlittledaughter.…andwasfollowedbyherlittledaughter.e、表示让步Althoughhewasbeatenbytheenemy,…Beatenbytheenemy,herefusedtoletoutthesecret.1．______withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.A．CompareB．WhencomparingC．ComparingD．Whencompared2.________inthemountainsforaweek,thetwostudentswerefinallysavedbythelocalpoliceA.HavinglostB.LostC.BeinglostD.Losing4.分词作宾补1)跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch,haveget,keep,hear,find,feel,leave,make,want,start,notice,observe,watch,set等2)在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。Therewassomuchnoisethatthespeakercouldn’tmakehimselfheard.Whenheawoke,hefoundhimselfbeinglookedafterbyanoldwoman.如:1.Don’tleavethewater______whileyoubrushyourteeth.A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun2.Lawsthatpunishparent