语言学教程电子书

武汉理工大学外国语学院《英语语言学》课程组英语语言学电子教案EnglishLinguisticsChapter1InvitationstoLinguistics................................................2Chapter2SpeechSounds........................................................11Chapter3Lexicon....................................................................24Chapter4Syntax.........................................................................35Chapter5Meaning....................................................................50Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMind..................................60Chapter7Language,Culture,andSociety.................................63Chapter8LanguageinUse........................................................68武汉理工大学外国语学院英语语言学课程组第页共页1791武汉理工大学外国语学院《英语语言学》课程组英语语言学电子教案Chapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsTeachingaims:letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.Teachingdifficulties:designfeaturesoflanguage;someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsTeachingproceduresLanguage1.1Whystudylanguage?AtoolforcommunicationAtoolforaccesstootherfieldsAnintegralpartofourlifeandhumanityIfwearenotfullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage,wewillbeignorantofwhatconstitutesouressentialhumanity.1.2Whatislanguage?1.2.1differentsensesoflanguagewhatapersonsays(concreteactofspeech)aperson’sconsistentwayofspeakingorwritingaparticularlevelofspeakingorwritinge.g.colloquiallanguageanabstractsystem1.2.2definitionsLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是用于人类交际目的的一套任意的有声符号系统Whatiscommunication?Aprocessinwhichinformationistransmittedfromasource(senderorspeaker)toagoal(receiverorlistener).Asystem----elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.e.g.Hethetablecleaned.(×)bkli(×)Arbitrary----thereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.Symbols----wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,andideasbyconvention.武汉理工大学外国语学院英语语言学课程组第页共页2792武汉理工大学外国语学院《英语语言学》课程组英语语言学电子教案Vocal--------theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.Peoplewithlittleornoliteracycanalsobecompetentlanguageusers.Human----languageishuman-specific.Humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”(LAD)birdsongsandbeedances(×)1.3Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的结构特征Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.a.Arbitrariness----theformoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(Saussure)Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.E.g.“house”uchi(Japanese)Mansion(French)房子(Chinese)E.g2.eat(inEnglish)manger(inFrench)吃(inChinese)conventionality----Itmeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewordsarecustomarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningandunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.Therearetwodifferentschoolsofbeliefconcerningarbitrariness.Mostpeople,especiallystructurallinguistsbelievethatlanguageisarbitrarybynature.Otherpeople,however,holdthatlanguageisiconic,thatis,thereisadirectrelationorcorrespondencebetweensoundandmeaning,suchasonomatopoeia.(cuckoo;crash)Forthemajorityofanimalsignals,theredoesappeartobeaclearconnectionbetweentheconveyedmessageandthesignalusedtoconveyit,Andforthem,thesetsofsignalsusedincommunicationisfinite.b.Duality----languageissimultaneouslyorganizedattwolevelsorlayers,namely,thelevelofsoundsandthatofmeaning.thehigherlevel----wordswhicharemeaningful武汉理工大学外国语学院英语语言学课程组第页共页3793武汉理工大学外国语学院《英语语言学》课程组英语语言学电子教案thelowerorthebasiclevel----soundswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.eachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.e.g./k//a:/and/p/--carp&parkwoof(butnot“w-oo-f”)Thisdualityoflevelsis,infact,oneofthemosteconomicalfeaturesofhumanlanguage,sincewithalimitedsetofdistinctsoundswearecapableofproducingaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations(e.g.words)whicharedistinctinmeaning.Theprincipleofeconomyc.Creativity----languageisresourceful.Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(novelutterancesarecontinuallybeingcreated.)a.Wecancreatenewwords;b.WecancreateendlessnewsentenceswithlimitednumberofwordsDualityandrecursivenessleadtocreativity.e.g.“Athree-eyedwhitemonkeyissleepingsoundlyonthebedoftheKingofFrance.”Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknown…(Goonendlessly)non-humansignals,ontheotherhand,appearstohavelittleflexibility.e.g.anexperimentofbeecommunication:Theworkerbee,normallyabletocommunicatethelocationofanectarsource,willfailtodosoifthelocationisreally‘new’.Inoneexperiment,ahiveofbeeswasplacedatthefootofaradiotowerandafoodsourceatthetop.Tenbeesweretakentothetop,shownthefoodsource,andsentofftotelltherestofthehiveabouttheirfind.Themessagewasconveyedviaabeedanceandthewholegangbuzzedofftogetthefreefood.Theyflowaroundinalldirections,butcouldn’tlocatethefood.Theproblemmaybethatbeecommunicationregardinglocationhasafixedsetofsignals,allofwhichrelatedtohorizontaldistance