A

Accumulationregion1●AAAbsolutepotentialpotential,andsubentryabsolutepotentialAbsorbedelectrolytebatterysealedbatteryAbrasivestrippingvoltammetry—Techniquewheretracesofsolidparticlesareabrasivelytransferredontothesurfaceofanelectrode,followedbyanelectro-chemicaldissolution(anodicorcathodicdissolution)thatisrecordedasacurrent–voltagecurve[i].Itallowsqualitativeandquantitativeanalysisofmetals,alloys,minerals,etc.Thetechniqueisavariantofvoltamme-tryofimmobilizedparticles[ii].Refs.:[i]ScholzF,NitschkeL,HenrionG()Naturwiss:;[ii]ScholzF,SchröderU,GulaboskiR()Electrochemistryofim-mobilizedparticlesanddroplets.Springer,BerlinFSACalternatingcurrentAC(alternatingcurrent)techniques—Electrochemi-calexperiments(usuallypotentiostaticones)wheretheappliedconstantorlinearlychangedpotentialissu-perimposedbyanalternating(sinusoidal)potentialsig-nalofsmallmagnitude.Asaresponsetothisperturba-tion,intensityandaphaseshiftoftheresultingalternat-ingcurrentatasteadystateisfollowedandanalyzedasafunctionofpotentialandappliedfrequency(ACpo-larography,ACvoltammetry,measurementsandin-terpretationoffaradaicimpedanceandelectrochem-icalimpedancespectroscopy).Ref.:[i]BardAJ,FaulknerLR()Electrochemicalmethods,ndedn.Wiley,NewYork,chap,ppJLACP—Acronymforalternatingcurrentpolarography.polarography,andsubentryACpolarography.ACpolarographypolarography,andsubentryACpolarography.ACvoltammetry—Historicallytheanalysisofthecur-rentresponsetoasmallamplitudesinusoidalvoltageperturbationsuperimposedonaDC(ramporconstant)potential[i].Recentapplicationsinvokelargeamplitudeperturbation(sinusoidal,squarewaveorarbitrarywaveform)[ii].DCandACcurrentcomponentsincludingfundamentalsandhigherorderharmonicscanbemea-suredasafunctionofpotentialand/orfrequencyofteninvokingFouriertransformtechniques.SeealsoACpolarography,Fouriertransformvoltammetry.Refs.:[i]SmithDE()ACpolarographyandrelatedtechniques:The-oryandpractice.In:BardAJ(ed)Electroanalyticalchemistry,vol..MarcelDekker,NewYork;[ii]BondAM,DuffyNW,GuoS,ZhangJ,EltonD()AnalChem:AAMBAcceptornumber(oracceptivity),AN—isanempiri-calquantityforcharacterizingtheelectrophilicproper-ties(Lewisacid–basetheory)ofasolventAthatex-pressesthesolventabilitytoacceptinganelectronpairofadonoratomfromasolutemolecule.ANisdefinedasthelimitingvalueoftheNMRshift,δ,ofthePatomintriethylphosphineoxide,EtP=O,atinfinitedilutioninthesolvent,relativeton-hexane,correctedforthedia-magneticsusceptibilityofthesolvent,andnormalized:EtP=OEtP−O+AEtδP....–δO−AAN=δcorr(A)−δcorr(n-CH)δcorr(EtPO−SbCl)−δcorr(n-CH)=Δδcorr.ppm.Inasecondarymeasure,tributylphosphate,BuPO,isusedastheprobe:AN=.δcorrP(BuPO)+..ThecoefficientarisesfromarbitraryassignmentofthevalueofAN=totheinteractionofEtP=Owithantimonypentachloride(SbCl)dissolvedin,-dichloroethane.ANincludesanonspecificpolarityeffectand,therefore,itdoesnotvanishforaprotic,andnonprotogenic,sol-vents,i.e.,ANforapolarandANfordipolaraproticsolvents.However,ANvaluesforproticsolventsaremuchhigher,i.e.,AN.ANislin-earlycorrelated,amongothers,tothepolarityparameterET()forsolvents,AN=−.+.ET()andtothedonornumber(DN),AN=.logε−.DN−..Refs.:[i]MayerU,GutmannV,GergerW()MonatshChem:;[ii]SchmidR()JSolutionChem:;[iii]SymonsMCR,Pena-NuñezAS()JChemSocFaradayTrans,:;[iv]Mar-cusY()ChemSocRev:WKAccumulationpotentialpotential,subentryaccu-mulationpotentialAccumulationregion—Anaccumulationregionisanypartofasemiconductordevicethathasanincreased2Accumulator●Aconcentrationofmajoritycarriersduetothepresenceofanelectricfield,sothatitbecomesnearlymetallicinitsconductivity.Theelectricfieldmayarisefromanex-ternallyappliedbias,thepresenceofanearbyinterfacecomposedofadifferentlydopedsemiconductormate-rial(asinap–njunction),orthepresenceofanearbyin-terfacecomposedofametal(asinaSchottkybarrier).Becauseanaccumulationregioncontainsmajoritycar-riers(whicharemobile)ittendstobeverythin(nm,say).Thisisincontrasttoadepletionregion,whichtypicallycontainsminoritycarriersarisingfromimmo-biledonors,andwhichthereforetendstoberelativelythick(–nm,say).Underexternalillumination,ac-cumulationregionsreadilyinteractwithphotons,butanyelectron-holepairsthataregeneratedrapidlyun-dergorecombination.Thus,nophotocurrentsareseenintheexternalcircuitwhenasemiconductormaterialisunderaccumulation.SFAccumulator—(secondaryorrechargeablebattery)Abatterywithelectrodeswhichcanbereturnedtotheirinitial(charged)statebyelectrochemicalmeans(electri-callyrechargeable)orbyothermeans(e.g.,bymechan-icalexchangeofanelectrodeincaseofthemetal-airbattery,aluminum-airbattery,zinc–airbattery).Anaccumulatoroperatesasagalvaniccellinthedis-chargemode,asanelectrolyzerinthechargingmode.Consequently,assignmentoftheelectrodesdependsonthemodeofoperation:Inthechargingmodethenega-tiveelectrodeoperatesasacathode,thepositiveelec-trodeastheanode.Inthedischargingmodetheneg-ativeelectrodeistheanode,thepositiveelectrodeisthecath