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DESIGNOFMUNICIPALWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTSCopyright©2010bytheWaterEnvironmentFederationandtheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers/EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstituteAboutWEFFormedin1928,theWaterEnvironmentFederation(WEF)isanot-for-profittechnicalandeducationalorganizationwith35,000individualmembersand75affiliatedMemberAssociationsrepresentingwaterqualityprofessionalsaroundtheworld.WEFanditsMemberAssociationsproudlyworktoachieveourmissionofpreservingandenhancingtheglobalwaterenvironment.Forinformationonmembership,publications,andconferences,contact:WaterEnvironmentFederation601WytheStreetAlexandria,VA22314-1994USA(703)684-2400(ASCE)representsmorethan146,000membersofthecivilengineeringprofessionworldwide,andisAmerica’soldestnationalengineeringsociety.Createdin1999,theEnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstitute(EWRI)isanInstituteoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.EWRIservicesaredesignedtocomplementASCE’straditionalcivilengineeringbaseandtoattractnewcategoriesofmembers(non-civilengineeralliedprofessionals)whoseektoenhancetheirprofessionalandtechnicaldevelopment.Formoreinformationonmembership,publications,andconferences,contact:ASCE/EWRI1801AlexanderBellDriveReston,VA20191-4400USA(703)295-6000©2010bytheWaterEnvironmentFederationandtheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers/EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstituteDESIGNOFMUNICIPALWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTSWEFManualofPracticeNo.8ASCEManualsandReportsonEngineeringPracticeNo.76FifthEditionPreparedbytheDesignofMunicipalWastewaterTreatmentPlantsTaskForceoftheWaterEnvironmentFederationandtheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers/EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstituteWEFPressWaterEnvironmentFederationAlexandria,VirginiaAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers/EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstituteReston,VirginiaNewYorkChicagoSanFranciscoLisbonLondonMadridMexicoCityMilanNewDelhiSanJuanSeoulSingaporeSydneyTorontoCopyright©2010bytheWaterEnvironmentFederationandtheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers/EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstituteMcGraw-Hillbooksareavailableatspecialqualitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotions,orforuseincorporatetrainingprograms.Tocontactarepresentative,[e-mail]terTreatmentPlantsCopyright©2010bytheWaterEnvironmentFederationandtheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers/EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstitute.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopartofthispublicationmayberepro-ducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher,WEF,andASCE/EWRI.1234567890FGR/FGR015432109ISBN:P/N978-0-07-166359-5P/N978-0-07-166360-1P/N978-0-07-166361-8ofset978-0-07-166358-8ofset978-0-07-166358-8ofset978-0-07-166358-8MHID:P/N0-07-166359-2P/N0-07-166360-6P/N0-07-166361-4ofset0-07-166358-4ofset0-07-166358-4ofset0-07-166358-4Volume1Volume2Volume3WaterEnvironmentResearch,WEF,andWEFTECareregisteredtrademarksoftheWaterEnvironmentFeder-ation.AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,ASCE,EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstitute,andEWRIareregisteredtrademarksoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.Thematerialpresentedinthispublicationhasbeenpreparedinaccordancewithgenerallyrecognizedengineeringprinciplesandpracticesandisforgeneralinformationonly.Thisinformationshouldnotbeusedwithoutfirstsecuringcompetentadvicewithrespecttoitssuitabilityforanygeneralorspecificapplication.ThecontentsofthispublicationarenotintendedtobeastandardoftheWaterEnvironmentFederation(WEF)ortheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)/EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstitute(EWRI)andarenotintendedforuseasareferenceinpurchasespecifications,contracts,regulations,statutes,oranyotherlegaldocument.Noreferencemadeinthispublicationtoanyspecificmethod,product,process,orserviceconstitutesorimpliesanendorsement,recommendation,orwarrantythereofbyWEForASCE/EWRI.WEFandASCE/EWRImakenorepresentationorwarrantyofanykind,whetherexpressedorimplied,concerningtheaccuracy,product,orprocessdiscussedinthispublicationandassumesnoliability.Anyoneusingthisinformationassumesallliabilityarisingfromsuchuse,includingbutnotlimitedtoinfringementofanypatentorpatents.Copyright©2010bytheWaterEnvironmentFederationandtheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers/EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstitutePreparedbyDesignofMunicipalWastewaterTreatmentPlantsTaskForceoftheWaterEnvironmentFederationandtheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers/EnvironmentalandWaterResourcesInstituteTerryL.Krause,P.E.,BCEE,ChairRoderickD.Reardon,Jr.,P.E.,BCEE,Volume1LeaderAlbertB.Pincince,Ph.D.,P.E.,BCEE,Volume2LeaderThomasW.Sigmund,P.E.,Volume3LeaderSolomonAbel,P.E.KennethN.Abraham,P.E.,P.Eng.MohammadM.Abu-OrfOrrisE.AlbertsonCharlesM.Alix,P.E.GeorgeP.Anipsitakis,Ph.D.,P.E.RichardG.Atoulikian,PMP,P.E.DavidM.Bagley,Ph.D.,P.E.KatherineBangsMichaelW.Barnett,Ph.D.BrittD.Bassett,P.E.,BCEESomnathBasu,Ph.D.,P