Theoccurrencef省略tplantsinIranMohammadMehd

ArticleTheoccurrence,fate,anddistributionofnaturalandsynthetichormonesindifferenttypesofwastewatertreatmentplantsinIranMohammadMehdiAmin1,2,BijanBina1,2,AfshinEbrahimi1,2,ZeynabYavari2,3,⁎,FarzanehMohammadi2,3,SomayehRahimi2,31EnvironmentResearchCenter,ResearchInstituteforPrimordialPreventionofNon-communicableDisease,IsfahanUniversityofMedicalSciences,Isfahan,Iran2DepartmentofEnvironmentalHealthEngineering,SchoolofHealth,IsfahanUniversityofMedicalSciences,Isfahan,Iran3StudentResearchCommittee,IsfahanUniversityofMedicalSciences,Isfahan,IranabstractarticleinfoArticlehistory:Received26July2017Receivedinrevisedform3September2017Accepted4September2017Availableonline29September2017Overthepastfewyears,thepresenceofsteroidestrogensintheenvironmenthasbecomeamajorconcern.Inthisstudy,theconcentrationsofestrone(E1),17β-estradiol(E2),and17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2)weremeasuredinsomewastewatertreatmentplants(WWTPs)inIran.Thesesampleswerecollectedfromthemunicipal,rural,livestock,commercial,andhospitalWWTPs,extractedbydispersiveliquid–liquidmicroextraction(DLLME)technique,derivatized,anddetectedbyGC/MS.Inthesetreatmentplants,variousprocessesincludingconven-tionalactivatedsludge(CAS),aeratedlagoon(AL),movingbedbiofilmreactor(MBBR),andactivatedsludgewithwetland(AS+WL)areused.Thehighestconcentrationofhormoneswasobservedintheinfluentsandeffluentsoflivestock,municipal,commercial,andhospitalWWTPs,respectively.ThemaximumeliminationratewasobtainedinMBBRfollowedbyAS+WL,CASandAL.Thebiodegradationandadsorptionratesalongwithadsorptioncoefficientsoflgkdandlgkocweremeasuredforalltargetcompounds.©2017TheChemicalIndustryandEngineeringSocietyofChina,andChemicalIndustryPress.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:InfluentEffluentEstrogenWastewaterBiodegradation1.IntroductionInthelastdecade,steroidestrogens(SEs),asonegroupofendocrinedisruptingcompounds(EDCs),havereceivedgrowingattentionfromenvironmentalresearchers.Theseemergingcontaminantsincludenatu-ralestrogens,suchasestrone(E1),17β-estradiol(E2),andsyntheticste-roid17α-ethynilestradiol(EE2)[1].Inmostcases,thepresenceofthesepollutantsinwaterisoriginatedfromsewagetreatmentplants(STPs)andisregardedasathreatforaquaticlifeduetotheirestrogenicactivi-ties[2].TheadverseeffectsofSEonvariousspeciesarepowerfulevenatlow-levelconcentrations(ng·L−1).Asanexample,whenthesecom-poundsentertheaquaticenvironment,theycaninterferewiththere-production,feminization,andvitellogeninproductionoffishes[3].ForassessingtheultimatefateoftheseemergingpollutantsinWWTPs,itisnecessarytodeterminetheirpossiblepathways:fromthepointwhenhumansandanimalsreleasethemuptothepointwhentheyendupindifferentenvironmentalcompartments.Thesewageandsludgeofthemunicipal,hospital,livestock,andindustrialwastewatertreatmentplantsarethemainentranceroutesofmicropollutantsintotheenvironment.Hence,thenumerousstudiesaroundtheglobearededicatedtosurveythefateandremovalratesofhormonesbydifferenttreatmentprocessesinsewagetreatmentplants(STPs)[2,4–8].TheoccurrenceandfateofhormonesintheinfluentandtheeffluentofWWTPsaroundtheworldhaveawiderange.Tostateanexample,thevaluesofE1,E2,andEE2thatweremeasuredininfluentsrangedfrom2.4–116,4–150andn.d-14.4(expressedinngL−1),respectively.Pauwelsetal.reportedthattheconcentrationsofSEinthehospitalandthedomesticWWTPsampleswerebetween0.2to114ngEE2·L−1and0.2to58ng,respectively[9].Inaddition,thecommonconcentrationsofthesecompoundsineffluentweren.d-96,n.d-30,andn.d-5forE1,E2,andEE2,respectively[2,10,5,11,7].Theremovalefficiencyofestrogeniccompoundsduringconvention-alWWTPsisinsufficientandimperfect.Nevertheless,researchershaveillustratedawiderangefrom19to98%forE1,62to98%forE2and76toN90%forEE2[12,3,13].Basedontheseresults,biodegradationandsorptionfollowedbytheremovaloftheexcesssludgeareregardedastwomainprocessesthatcanbeconsideredfortheeliminationoftheestrogensduringwastewatertreatmentprocesses[1,14].Tothebestoftheresearchersknowledge,exceptforonerecentstudybyMohagheghian[13],nosteroidestrogenmonitoringhasbeendonepreviouslyindifferentwastewatertreatmentplantsinIRAN.Therefore,inthecurrentstudy,wedeterminedtheamountofestrogensintheinfluentandeffluentwastewaterandassessedtheiroccurrenceandfateinseveralofWWTPs.Atotalof5municipalWWTPs,tworuralWWTPs,onehospitalWWTP,onelivestockWWTP,andoneChineseJournalofChemicalEngineering26(2018)1132–1139⁎Correspondingauthorat:DepartmentofEnvironmentalHealthEngineering,SchoolofHealth,IsfahanUniversityofMedicalSciences,Isfahan,Iran.E-mailaddresses:[e-mail](A.Ebrahimi),[e-mail](Z.Yavari).©2017TheChemicalIndustryandEngineeringSocietyofChina,andChemicalIndustryPress.Allrightsreserved.ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectChineseJournalofChemicalEngineeringjournalhomepage:β-estradiol,and17α-ethinylestradiolthatwereex-tractedbythenewpre-concentrationtechnique,DispersiveLiquidLiq-uidMicroextraction(DLLME),anddetectedbygaschromatography,followedbymassspectrom