环境损害评估国际制度及对中国的启示

34520135ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEVol．34No．5May20131211111231.1000122.1000843.264003．、、、、、、．、、、、、、、．．X3A0250-3301201305-1653-142012-08-182012-09-27411015721980～[e-mail]sessmentInternationalRegulationsandRevelationtoChinaZHANGHong-zhen12CAODong1YUFang1WANGJin-nan1QIJi1JIAQian1ZHANGTian-zhu2LUOYong-ming31.CentreforEnvironmentalDamageandRiskAssessmentChineseAcademyforEnvironmentalPlanningBeijing100012China2.SchoolofEnvironmentTsinghuaUniversityBeijing100084China3.YantaiInstituteofCoastalZoneResearchChineseAcademyofSciencesYantai264003ChinaAbstractAsthewholesocietygraduallyrealizesthescarcityofnatureresourcesandenvironmentalvaluecountriesallovertheworldhaveevolvedandimprovedthesystemofenvironmentaldamageassessmentthroughthepracticesofpollutionpreventionandecologicalenvironmentalprotection．Ononehandintheresearchprospectivethepracticesofenvironmentaldamageassessmentbroughtnewchallengestoenvironmentallawenvironmentaleconomicsenvironmentalscienceenvironmentalengineeringetc．Ontheotherhandtheyconstantlypromotedanddevelopedrelevantlawsandregulationstechniquesworkingmechanismandguidelinesonprocedureinpractice．OnthebasisofcomparisonandanalysisofinternationalpracticesandexperiencesfromUSEUandJapanetc．thisarticleidentifiedrelevantconceptscontentandscopeofenvironmentaldamageassessmentandpresenteditsscientificpositioninganddevelopmentdirection．AtpresentboththeoryandpracticeofenvironmentaldamageassessmentinChinaareintheirinfancyperiod．ConsideringcurrentenvironmentalsituationandsocioeconomicdevelopmentfeaturesofChinalearninginternationalpracticesandexperiencesandraisingtheorientationofenvironmentaldamageassessmenthavegreatmeaninginexploringthesuitableenvironmentaldamageassessmentsystem．KeywordsenvironmentalpollutiondamageassessmentregulationsUSJapanEUnaturalresources2010、2012、12．、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、3．、、4．．DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2013.05.01134、、5．、、、、、、6．7．．1、、．traditionaldamageenvironmentaldamageassuch8．9．、、．．、．、、．、．、．GDP、．、．．、31、、、、．．、、、、．、3、、、、2．2．．natural456151/Fig．1Typesandconstitutionsofenvironmentaldamage2Fig．2EnvironmentaldamageassessmentsystemresourcedamageassessmentNRDA10environmentaldamageassessmentEDA11“”．、、．2.1．207020a、1213．NRDA．NRDA、3．《》CWA1977、《、》CERCLA1980《》OPA19903．CWACERCLA、OPA3．3CWACERCLAOPA．CERCLAOPADOI、DOC、USDA、DOD、DOE、、55613465615NRDA4．DFGNRDAEDPNRDADOENRDAMPCANRDA．EPANRDA、．4NRDAFig．4Nationalandstate-levelNRDAtrusteesinUS5NRDA、Fig．5IssueprogressesoftechnicalguidelinesmodelsandhandbooksinUSNRDANRDA、NRDA．NRDA4、、、．、、、．756134．．、“”．、．、、NRDA．2.2．2090．2090．2004ELD2004/35/CE3a614．ELD2004/35/CE79/409/EEC92/43/EEC、2000/60/EC15．20062009ELD2004/35/CE20062006/21/EC20092009/31/EC6．2011、ELD2004/35/CE．6、Fig．6DevelopmentprogressesofenvironmentalliabilityinstructionsandrelativeregulationsandfilesinEUandItaly2008～20103aELDELD2010ELD．2010ELD2004/35/CE、．1986349856151997No．22/1997、1999152No．152/1999、．2004ELD2004/35/CE2006No．152/2006．ELD2004/35/CEREMREMEDE、、、、．2.32020502060．19701971．“”、．206080、“”“”．10a“”“”．20907．7Fig．7DevelopmentprogressofnuisancerelativelawsandregulationsinJapan、、/．《》、、、、、7、、、、616．、956134、．、、、．、．、、“”．、《》．2.4．20a《》1987、《》1989、1997《》、2008《》2010《》2004《》8．2000、、20002008《》20007《》GB/T21678-2008．2007《》NY/T1263-2007、．20072009《》HY/T095-2007《》DB37/T1448-2009．2011《》201160《》Ⅰ．8Fig．8EnvironmentaldamageassessmentpracticeprogressinChina、．06615．、．、、17．33.1、、、．．2070．1977CWA1980CERCLA、．1990OPA．18．2004ELD2004/35/CE、3、．、、．2060．70～80、、．CWA、CERCLAOPAELD、、．/、、．、．20709020．3.220702090、2004ELD2010、、20608020a．．、3．NRDA166134．NRDANRDA、、NRDANRDA、NRDA．EPANRDANRDAEPA、NRDA．EPANRDA．ELD、．152/2006、ISPRA200775、．NRDACERCLA919．CERCLAEPANRDA．OPANRDA10．“”．、SO2．9CERLCANRDAFig．9NRDAworkingprocedureunderCERLCA．、．ELD2004．．．CERCLANPLEPA、NRDANPLNRDAEPANRDANRDADOINRDA．OPANOAANRDAOSLTF．CERCLAOPA2661510OPANRDAFig．10NRDAworkingprocedureunderOPA．2012NOAA50050NRDA4715000hm26.1DOI2010NRDA68834377NRDA0.63．“”“”、、、、、．3.3CERCLACWANRDANOAAOPANRDA．1986～1987CWACERCLATypeBTypeANRDA“”NRDAM/CME．19961994NRDANRDAM/GLENRDAM/CME．20032008NRDA2021．1990NOAAOPANRDA、、、1996．、366134、NRDA．．2006～2008ELDREMEDE2008Toolkit．3.422NRDA“REMEDE”1．DOINOAANRDA、、、、、2324．NRDA“”、“”“”2526．“”NRDA、、．1Table1Summaryofresourceandenvironmentaldamageassessmentmethods---“”“”“-”、“-”“”“”、、、3.5OPACERCLANRDA60d．NRDA．NRDADOINRDANRDA．NRDAEPADOI、NOAA、、NRDAPEIS．NRDANRDANRDAR46615DOINRDARPNOAA、DARRP．42728．“、、”、2930．“、”．．．．．．1、、、．、．、、、、、、．2．．、．、、．．3．．．、、．、、．1．J．200820212-15．2．J．20082992684-2688．3TurnerRKMorse-JonesSFisherB．EcosystemvaluationasequentialdecisionsupportsystemandqualityassessmentissuesJ．EcologicalEconomicsReviews2010118579-101．4BurgerJ．Environmentalmanagementintegratingecologicalevaluationremediationrestorationnaturalresourcedamage566134assessmentandlong-termstewardshiponcontaminatedlandsJ．ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment20084001-36-19．5BarbierEB．ProgressandchallengesinvaluingcoastalandmarineecosystemservicesJ．ReviewofEnvironmentalEconomicsandPolicy2012611-19．6OikonomouVDimitrakopoulosPGTroumbisAY．Incorporatingecosystemfunctionconceptinenvironmentalplanninganddecisionmakingbymeans