unit-1-language-and-language-learning语言和语言学习(课堂PPT

Unit1LanguageandLanguageLearning12020/7/17I.Howdowelearnlanguages?1)Howdowelearnourownlanguage?LanguageacquisitionLanguagelearning22020/7/17Languageacquisition:theprocesswherealanguageisacquiredasaresultofnaturalandlargelyrandomexposuretolanguage.(asubconsciousprocess)Krashendescribesthisprocessasa‘natural’one,wherethereisno‘consciousfocusingonlinguisticforms.Accordingtohisargument,acquisitionreferstothewaychildrenlearntheirnativelanguage.32020/7/17Languagelearning:theprocesswheretheexposuretolanguageisstructuredthroughlanguageteaching.Learningisaconsciousprocess,anditusuallytakesplaceinthelanguageclassroom.42020/7/17ItemsofcomparisonLearningacquisitionProcessConsciousExplicit(显性的）unconscious/subconsciousimplicit（隐性的）FocusFormsmeaningInputSelectednaturalEmphasisAccuracyfluencySettingformal/controlledinformal/natural52020/7/1762)Howdowelearnforeignlanguage?TaskBelowisalistofinterviewquestionsonhowpeoplelearnaforeignlanguage.Firstwritedownyourownresponses.Theninterviewthreeotherstudentsinyourclass,Discussyourfindingsingroupsof4anddrawsomeconclusions.72)Howdowelearnforeignlanguage?1.Howmanyforeignlanguagescanyouspeaksofar?2.Whendidyoustartlearningtheforeignlanguages?3.Howdoyoufeelaboutlearningaforeignlanguage?4.Whatdifficultieshaveyouexperiencedinlearning?5.Whichskillsdoyoufindmoredifficulttolearn?82)Howdowelearnforeignlanguage?6.Haveyoufocusedonknowledgeorskills?Why?7.Whydoyoulearntheforeignlanguages?8.Doyouconsideryourselfasuccessfullearner?Why?9.Whatareyourmostcommonlearningactivities?10.Doyoulikethewayyoulearnedtheforeignlanguages?2)Howdowelearnforeignlanguage?(1)Peoplelearnlanguagefordifferentreasons.(2)Peoplelearnlanguageindifferentways.(3)Peoplehavedifferentunderstandingaboutlanguagelearning.(4)Peoplehavedifferentcapabilitiesinlanguagelearning.92020/7/1710(5)Peoplestartlearningaforeignlanguageatdifferentages.(6)Peoplehavedifferentexperiencesinlearningaforeignlanguage(7)Learningcanbeaffectedbythewayhowlanguageistaught.(8)Learningisaffectedbythedoneisexpectedtoachieve.1)Whatislanguage?II.Viewsonlanguage.Languageisasystemofarbitrary,verbalsymbolswhichpermitallpeopleinagivenculture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnthesystemofthatculture,tocommunicateorinteract.(Finocchiaro,1964:8)Languageisanysetorsystemoflinguisticsymbolsasusedinamoreorlessuniformfashionbyanumberofpeoplewhoarethusenabledtocommunicateintelligiblywithoneanother.112020/7/17121)Whatislanguage?II.Viewsonlanguage.Languageisasystemofarbitraryverbalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(Wardhaugh,1972:3)Languageisasystematicmeansofcommunicatingideasorfeelingsbytheuseofconventionalizedsigns,sounds,gestures,ormarkshavingunderstoodmeanings.131)Whatislanguage?II.Viewsonlanguage.Languageisasystemofcommunicationconsistingofasetofsmallpartsandasetofruleswhichdecidethewayinwhichthesecanbecombinedtoproducemessagesthathavemeaning.14DifferentviewsonlanguageViewonlanguage.StructuralviewCommunicativeviewInteractiveviewStructuralView:Itseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystem:fromphonological,morphological,lexical,etc.tosentence.Eachlanguagehasafinitenumberofsuchstructuralitems.Tolearnalanguagemeanstolearnthesestructuralitemssoastobeabletounderstandandproducelanguage.152020/7/17FunctionalView:Itseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoasameansfordoingthings.Mostofourday-to-daylanguageuseinvolvesfunctionalactivities:offering,suggesting,advising,apologizing,etc.Therefore,learnerslearnalanguageinordertodothingswithit.Toperformfunctions,learnersneedtoknowhowtocombinethegrammaticalrulesandthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthefunctions.162020/7/17InteractionalView:Itconsiderlanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.Therefore,learnersnotonlyneedtoknowthegrammarandvocabularyofthelanguage,butalsoneedtoknowtherulesforusingtheminawholerangeofcommunicativecontext.172020/7/17ViewsLanguageLanguagelearningStructuralalinguisticsystemtolearnthesestructuralitemsFunctionalalinguisticsystem,meansfordoingthingstoknowhowtocombinethegrammaticalrulesandthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthefunctions.Interactionalacommunicativetoolnotonlytoknowthegrammarandvocabularyofthelanguage,butalsotoknowtherulesforusingtheminawholerangeofcommunicativecontext.182020/7/17III.ViewsonlanguagelearningQuestions:1)Whatarethepsycholinguisticandcognitiveprocessinvolvedinlanguagelearning?2)Whataretheconditionsthatneedtobemetinorderfortheselearningprocesstobeactivated?192020/7/17Process-orientedtheoriesareconcernedwithhowthemindprocessesnewinformation,suchashabitformation,induction,makinginference,hypothesistestingandgeneralization.202020/7/17Condition-orientedtheoriesemphasizethenatureofthehumanandphysicalcontextinwhichlanguagelearningtakesplace,suchasthenumberofstudents,whatkindofinputlearnersreceive,andthelearningatmosphere.212020/7/17Behaviouristtheory(行为主义学习理论）ProposedbybehaviouralpsychologistSkinner,whoappliedthetheoryofconditioningtothewayhumansacquirelanguage.222020/7/17Languageisalsoaformofbehaviour.Itcanbelearnedthesamewayasananima