Virginia-Woolf

弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫Life•1882-1941,Englishnovelist,criticandessayist•Bornandbroughtupinanupper-middle-class,sociallyactive,literaryfamily.•Waseducatedathome,becomingavoraciousreaderofthebooksinherfather’sextensivelibrary.•Experiencedherfirstboutofmentalillnessafterhermother’sdeathandsufferedfrombipolardisorder,mania-depressionillness,fortherestofherlife.Life•MovedtotheBloomsburyareaofLondonafterherfather’sdeath,andformedtheunconventionalintellectualandartisticBloomsburyGroup.•WithLeonard,herhusband,WoolffoundedHogarthPress,whichpublishedSigmundFreud,T.S.Eliotandothernotableauthors,andherownwritings.Life•In1941,asEnglandenteredasecondworldwar,andattheonsetofanothernervousbreakdownshefearedwouldbepermanent,WoolfdrownedherselfintheRiverOusenearherhouseinRichmond.Virginia'slettertoLeonard“Dearest,IfeelcertainIamgoingmadagain.Ifeelwecan'tgothroughanotheroftheseterribletimesagainandIshan'trecoverthistime.Ibegintohearvoicesandcan'tconcentrate.SoI'mdoingwhatseemstobethebestthingtodo.Youhavegivenmethegreatestpossiblehappiness.Youhavebeenineverywayallthatanyonecouldbe.IknowthatI'mspoilingyourlifeandwithoutmeyoucouldwork,andyouwill,Iknow.Yousee,Ican'tevenwritethisproperly.”Virginia'slettertoLeonard“WhatIwanttosayisthatIoweallthehappinessofmylifetoyou.Youhavebeenentirelypatientwithme.Andincrediblygood.Everythingisgonefrommebutthecertaintyofyourgoodness.Ican'tgoonspoilingyourlifeanylonger.Idon'tthinktwopeoplecouldhavebeenhappierthanwehavebeen.”Virginia'slettertoLeonard“DearLeonard.Tolooklifeintheface.Alwaystolooklifeinthefaceandtoknowitforwhatitis.Atlasttoknowit.Toloveitforwhatitis,andthen,toputitaway.Leonard.Alwaystheyearsbetweenus.Alwaystheyears.Alwaysthelove.Alwaysthehours…”WorksEARLYWORKSTheVoyageOut,1915《出海》NightandDay,1919《日夜》LATERWORKSJacob’sRoom,1922《雅各的房间》Mrs.Dalloway,1925《黛洛维夫人》TotheLighthouse,1927《到灯塔去》Orlando,1928《奥尔兰多》TheWaves,1931《海浪》TheYears,1937《年月》BetweentheActs,1941《幕与幕之间》WorksCOLLECTIONSOFESSAYS,literarycommentariesARoomofOne’sOwn,1929《一间自己的房间》MomentsofBeing,1941,《存在的瞬间》ArtofFiction•hostilityagainstrealism:beganearlyandintensifiedafterthewarviewedtherealisticVictoriannovel,withitsneatandlinearplots,asaninadequateformofexpression；theEdwardiansandmaterialists•Experimentswithanewformofnovelwritingbeganinthe1920sdepictsthesubjectiveexperiencesandfragmentedmemoriesofitscentralcharacters.reflectstheviolentcontrastsanddisjointedimpressionsoftheworldstream-of-consciousnessnarrationstyleArtofFiction•Stream-of-consciousnessnarrationThenarratorconveysasubject’sthoughts,impressions,andperceptionsexactlyastheyoccur,oftenindisjointed(不连贯的)wayandwithoutthelogicandgrammaroftypicalspeechandwriting.Stream-of-consciousnessnarrationusuallyiswritteninthefirstperson,asinMarcelProust’sRemembranceofThingsPast,butitcanalso,bymeansoffreeindirectdiscourse,bewritteninthethirdperson,asinVirginiaWoolf’sMrs.Dalloway.ArtofFiction•TheSignificanceofArtandHowtoMakeArtArtisimportantbecauseitgivesmeaningtolife,helpsconquertheinevitabledisillusionmentsoflife,andprovidesthefulfillmentofhappinessthatnothingelsecanoffer.Artcancreateaman-madeparadiseandtheonlywaytodoitisthroughcatchingtheidealmomentsofanotherwisedisappointinglife;“momentsofepiphany”(JamesJoyce)“momentsofbeing”(Woolf)Woolf’sworksarearecordofthosemomentsinthelivesofhercharacters.Mrs.DallowayCharacterRichardDalloway,anMPClarissaDallowayPeterWalsh,oldflameSallySeton,girlfriendLucreziaSmith(Rezia),ItalianwifeSeptimusWarrenSmith,aveteranSirWilliamBradshaw,psychiatristElizabethDallowayStructure:onedayfrommorningtonightinonewoman’slife•Part1:Fromtheopeningscene,inwhichClarissasetsouttobuyflowers,toherreturnhome.Earlymorning–11:00a.m.•Part2:FromClarissa'sreturnfromtheshopsthroughPeterWalsh'svisit.11:00a.m.–11:30a.m.•Part3:FromPeterleavingClarissa'shousethroughhismemoryofbeingrejectedbyClarissa.11:30a.m.–11:45a.m.•Part4:FromlittleEliseMitchellrunningintoRezia'slegstotheSmiths'arrivalonHarleyStreet.11:45a.m.–12:00p.m.•Part5:FromSeptimus'sappointmentwithSirWilliamBradshawtolunchtimeathalf-pastone.12:00p.m.–1:30p.m.•Part6:FromHughWhitbreadexaminingsocksandshoesinashopwindowbeforelunchingwithLadyBrutonthroughClarissarestingonthesofaafterRichardhasleftfortheHouseofCommons.1:30p.m.–3:00p.m.Structure•Part7:FromElizabethtellinghermothersheisgoingshoppingwithMissKilmanthroughElizabethboardinganomnibustoreturnhometohermother'sparty.3:00p.m.–lateafternoon•Part8:FromSeptimusobservingdancingsunlightinhishomewhileReziaworksonahatthroughSeptimus'ssuicide.Lateafternoon–6:00p.m.Structure•Part9:FromPeterWalshhearingthesoundofanambulancesirentohisopeninghisknifebeforeenteringClarissa'sparty.6:00p.m.–earlynight•Part10:Fromservantsmakinglast-minutepartypreparationsthroughtheendofthepartyandtheappearanceofClarissa.Earlynight–3:00a.m.StructureTheintertwiningoftwonarrativethreads&StructuralUnityThesimilarityincharacterbetweenthetwofiguresensurestheunityofthenovel.Othertrickstoconnectthetwoworlds:•usingsomethingthepeoplefromthedifferentspheresharesomehowasacommonexperience:•smoothingthejumpsinnarrationfrompers