人体结构与人体构架英文

SECTIONII:BODYSTRUCTUREANDBODYSYSTEMSChapter4Objectives1.Writethemeaningsofthewordpartspresentedinthischapter,choosetheircorrectmeaningswhenpresentedwithseveralanswers,andrecognizeandwritethemeaningsofthewordpartswhentheyappearinmedicalterms.2.Writethemeaningsandrecognizethedefinitionsoftermsrelatedtodirectionalaspectsofthebody.3.Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermspresentedinthischapterthatarerelatedtobodystructuresandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions.4.Matchtermsrelatedtobodyfluidswiththeirdescriptionsandwritethetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions.5.Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermsrelatedtobodycavitiespresentedinthischapterandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions.OUTLINE•Theanatomicpositionandreferenceplanesofthebody•Bodycavities•Bodystructures•Bodyfluids•ComprehensivereviewexercisesTheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody•Anatomicreferencesystemsprovideuniformityinregardtodescriptionsofthebody.Theanatomicpositionmeansthatapersonisstandingerectwiththearmsatthesideandthepalmsforward.Thispositionisusedasareferencewhendescribingthelocationordirectionofvariousbodystructuresorparts.TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody•Unlessstatedotherwise,alldescriptionsoflocationorpositionassumethatthebodyisintheanatomicposition.Committomemorythefollowingtermsthatrelatetovariousdirectionsofthebody.DIRECTIONALTERMSTermCombiningFormMeaningAnterioranter/onearertoortowardthefront;ventralPosteriorposter/onearertoortowardtheback;dorsalDIRECTIONALTERMSTermCombiningFormMeaningVentralventr/obellyside;sameasanteriorsurfaceDorsaldors/odirectedtowardorsituatedonthebackside;sameasposteriorsurfaceDIRECTIONALTERMSTermCombiningFormMeaningMedial;medianmedi/omiddleornearerthemiddleLaterallater/otowardtheside;denotingapositionfartherfromthemidlineofthebodyorfromastructureDIRECTIONALTERMSTermCombiningFormMeaningSuperiorsuper/ouppermostoraboveInferiorinfer/olowermostorbelowDIRECTIONALTERMSTermCombiningFormMeaningProximalproxim/onearesttheorginorpointofattachmentDistaldist/ofarordistantfromtheoriginorpointofattachmentDIRECTIONALTERMSTermCombiningFormMeaningCephaladcephal/otowardtheheadCaudadcaud/otowardthetailorinaposteriordirectionExercise1Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection.Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly.(Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample)CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter/oanteriorfrontCaud/o____________________Exercise1Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection.Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly.(Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample)CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter/oanteriorfrontCaud/ocaudaltailExercise1CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaing3.Dist/o______________________4.Dors/o______________________5.Infer/o______________________6.Later/o_______________________Exercise1CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaing3.Dist/odistalfar4.Dors/odorsalback5.Infer/oinferiorbelow6.Later/olateralsideExercise1CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaing7.Medi/omedialmiddleormedian8.Poster/oposteriorbehind9.Proxim/oproximalnear10.Super/osuperiorabove11.Ventr/oventralbellyBodyCavitiesThebodyhastwomajorcavities,whicharespaceswithinthebodythatcontaininternalorgans.Thetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethedorsalcavity,locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody,andtheventralcavity,locatedneartheanterioraspect.Bothcavitiesaresubdividedasshown.BodyCavitiesThedorsalcavityisdividedintothecranialandspinalcavities.Thecranialcavitycontainsthebrainandthespinalcavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves.BodyCavitiesTheotherprincipalbodycavityistheventralcavity.Largeorganscontainedintheventralcavityarecalledviscera.Theventralcavityissubdividedintothethoraciccavityandtheabdominopelvic(abdominalandpelvic)cavity.Themusculardiaphragmdividesthethoracicandabdominopelviccavities.Theabdominopelviccavitycanbethoughtofasasinglecavityorastwocavities,theabdominalandpelviccavities,althoughnowallseparatesthem.Amembranecalledtheperitoneumlinestheabdominopelviccavityandinveststheinternalorgans.Peritoneum,likeallserousmembranes,secretesalubricatingfluidthatallowstheorganstoglideagainstoneanotheroragainstthecavitywall.Astickingtogetheroftwostructuresthatarenormallyseparatediscalledanadhesion.Abdominaladhesionsareusuallycausedbyinflammationortrauma(injury),andaretreatedsurgicallyiftheycauseintestinalobstructionorexcessivediscomfort.BodyStructures•Thecellisthesmallestfunctionalunitofthehumanbodyand,infact,ofallorganisms.Cellscomprisethetissuesofthebody,whichinturnmakeuporgans.Eachbodysystemisagroupoforgansthatworktogetherforaspecificpurpose.Thehumanorganismhasmanybodysystems.•Manybodystructurewillbediscussedelsewhereinthisbook.Thefollowinglistincludesseveraltermsthateitherdonotpertaintoaparticularbodysystemofmaypertaintomorethanonesystem.Committhefollowinglisttomemory.SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURESCombiningFormsMeaningAbdomin/oabdomenAcr/oextremities(armsandlegs)Blephar/oeyelidCephal/oheadChir/ohandSELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES