并列结构和从属结构

Coordination﹠SubordinationCoordinateconstruction两个或两以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词（coordinator)或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构”。它可以是词和词goodbutexpensive词组和词组ateacherandastudent分句和分句Thechildrencangowithusortheycanstayathome.并列连词和标点符号两个以上项目的并列通常只在最后一个项目前用并列连词，其他项目之间用逗号连接。E.g.Atadiplomafactorymillsthroughoutthestates,youcanbuyabachelor’sdegreeforabout$1500,amaster’sdegreefor$1600,oradoctor’sdegreefor$1700.各并列项目间全用连词，在修辞色彩上给人悠闲、缓慢、延续持久的感觉。相反，全用逗号，就给人紧张、急促、明快、利落的感觉。E.g.Inthecountrytherearenohonkinghorns(汽车喇叭）,nodieseltrucks（柴油卡车）,nopollution----justthesoundsofwindrustlingthetreeleavesandredsquirrelschatteringinthedistantoaksandcoolcreekwaterrushingdownitsendlesscourse.除逗号，分号和冒号也能起并列连接作用分号——对比e.g.Golfdemandsthebestoftimeandspace;tennis,thebestofpersonalenergy.冒号——下文对上文的解释和发挥SubordinateconstructionWhatissubordination?从属Vs并列e.g.Therainstopped,andthesuncameout.Whentherainstopped,thesuncameout.SubordinateconstructionFiniteSubordinateclauseNon-finiteclauseVerblessclauseFinitesubordinateclauseWhatisfinitesubordinateclause?名词性从句形容词性从句副词性从句名词性分句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。What’sthefunctionoftheunderlinedpart?Canyoutelluswhoisresponsibleforthefire?Myoriginalquestion,whyhediditall,hasnotbeenanswered.Itisquiteclearthatthecrimewasdonedeliberately.Themysteryiswhetherheeverwentthereatall.Youmustgiveitbacktowhoeveritbelongsto.形容词性分句=关系分句=定语从句副词性分句（状语分句）AdverbialclauseoftimeAdverbialclauseofplaceAdverbialclauseofmannerAdverbialclauseofcauseAdverbialclauseofresultAdverbialclauseofpurposeAdverbialclauseofconditionAdverbialclauseofconcessionNon-finiteclauseNon-finiteclauseInfinitiveclause-ingParticipleclause-edparticipleclauseWhatisinfinitiveclause？不带主语e.g.Helikestobeinvited.带主语e.g.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.带疑问词e.g.Idon’tknowwhattodo.ThefunctionofinfinitiveclauseWhichpartistheinfinitiveclauseandwhat’sthefunctionoftheinfinitiveclauseinthefollowingsentences?ToacceptthejobwouldmeanmovingtoFlorida.Hewillgototheclinictomorrowtobeexaminedbythedoctor.Hepromisedtostoptakingdrugs.Hehurriedhomeonlytofindthathisfatherwasdead.Iamdelightedtoknowthatyouhavegotajob.So…astosuch…astotoo…toenoughtoRewritethefollowingsentences,usingtheinfinitiveclause:WewentviaWorcestersothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam.Hisworkwassogoodthatitmadehiminternationallyfamous.HewasthefirstmanwhodiscussedthequestionwithProfessorHalliday.Wethoughtitwrongthatheshouldbepunished.Inorderthatavotewillbevalid,thedeputymustbepresentandvoteinperson.-ingParticipleclause不带主语和连词带连词带主语不带主语和连词Hedeniedhavingbeenthere.Judgingfromwhatyousay,hehasdonehisbest.Generallyspeaking,thisbookisnoteverydifficult.带连词Whetherworkingorsleeping,thesubjectisalwaysinhismind.带主语•Doyoumindmy/memakingasuggestion?•Johndoesn’tliketheideaofme/mybeingmixedupinthisaffair.It’snouseyourpretendingtobedeaf.Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.-edparticipleclauseThecastle,burntdownin1485,wasneverrebuilt.Thisdictionarywilllooknicewhenprinted.Thejobfinished,wewenthomestraightaway.-edparticipleclause句法功能后置修饰语e.g.Oneofthehousewreckedbythestormbelongedtomygrandfather.状语Deeplymoved,hethankedheragainandagain.United,westand;divided,wefall.Beatenbythepoliceandsenttojail,Gandhiinventedtheprincipleofnonviolentresistance.无动词分句不带从属连词的无动词分句Speechless,VictorHenrynoddedandsatonafoldingseat.Bankloanornobankloan,we’llbuythehouse.带从属连词Whenstillaboyofsix,Bobwassentawayfromhome.Althoughalwayshelpful,hewasnotmuchlikedbypeople.WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.Hespokeungraciously,ifnotrudely.带有自己主语的无动词分句Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.独立结构AbsoluteConstructionAbsoluteConstruction:带有自己主语的非限定性分句和无动词分句按结构，独立结构可分为：不定式独立结构、-ing分词独立结构、-ed分词独立结构、无动词独立结构在句中通常起状语作用