语言学教程Chapter-9.-Language-and-Literature

ChapternineLanguageandliterature9.1introductionThehistoryofstyleThedefinitionofstylisticsThefeaturesofstylisticsindifferentperiods:1960s1970s1980s1990sRemarksof申丹：plural-headsdevelopmentsDifferentschoolsofstylisticscompetefordevelopmentandnewschoolsemergenowandthen.9.2somegeneralfeaturesoftheliterarylanguageFeaturesofliterarylanguagearedisplayedinthefollowingthreeaspects:1.phonology2.grammar3.semanticsLiteraylanguagediffersfromnon-literarylanguageinthattheformerisforegroundedintheabovethreeaspects.Theterm“foregrounding”DefinitionDeviationoflanguageinvolvesalllevelsoflanguage:vocabulary,sound,syntax,meaning,graphology,etc.Repetitionisalsoakindofdeviation.Alliteration,parallism,andmanyfiguresofspeecharetheexamplesofforegroundinginliterarylanguage.9.2.1foregroundingandthegrammaticalformInliterarytexts,thegrammaticalsystemofthelanguageisoftenexploited,experimentedwith,orinMukarosky’swords,madeto“deviatefromother,moreeveryday,formsoflanguage,andasaresultcreatesinterestingnewpatternsinformandinmeaning”.9.2.2literallanguageandfigurativelanguageThedefinitionsofthetwoIsnon-literarylanguagethesameasliterallanguage?Isliterarylanguagethesameasfigurativelanguage?Whatthedifferenceofthetwogroupsofideas?LiterarylanguageNon-literarylanguageLiterallanguageFigurativelanguageTropeItisanotherwordforthefigurativeuseoflanguage,whichreferstolanguageusedinafigurativewayforarhetoricalpurpose.SomeformsoftropeSimileMetaphorMetonymySynecdocheWhypeopleuselanguageinafigurativeway?Thefigurativeuseoflanguagehastheeffectofmakingtheconceptsunderdiscussionmoredomesticandacceptable.Readerscan……9.2.3theanalysisofliteraylanguageProceduresweshouldfollowwhenweanalyzethegrammaticalstructureandmeaningofaliterarytext.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.ThefunctionofthefigurativeuseoflanguageItmightbetomaketheabstractseemconcrete;tomakethemysteriousorfrighteningseemsafe,ordinaryanddomestic,ortomaketheeverydayusageseemwonderfulandunusual.9.3thelanguageinpoetry9.3.1soundpatterningRhymeissalientfeatureofpoetry.Endrhymeoccursattheendofalineinapoem,thepatterniscVC.Thelastwordofalinehasthesamefinalsoundsasthelastwordofanotherline,sometimesimmediatelyaboveorbelow,sometimesoneormorelinesaway.Endrhymeisverycommoninsomepoeticstyles,andparticularlyinchildren’spoetry.Itisalsoafeatureinplaysandsongs.9.3.2differentformsofsoundpatterning/differentrhymesInternalrhyme:Alliteration:theinitialconsonantsareidenticalinit(Cvc).Assonance:itdescribessyllableswithacommonvowel(cVc).Consonance:itdescribessyllableswiththesameconsonants(cvC).Itisalsocalledhalf-rhyme.Reverserhyme:syllablessharingthevowelandinitialconsonant,CVc,ratherthanthevowelandthefinalconsonantasisthecaseinendrhyme,Cvc.Pararhyme:twosyllableshavingthesameinitialandfinalconsonants,butdifferentvowels(CvC),theypararhyme.Repetition:twoexactlysamesyllables.9.3.3stressandmetricalpatterningStressedsyllableUnstressedsyllableWhichsyllableisstressedisdecidedbytwoelements:1.2.Rhyme:therepetitionofasoundorsoundcombination.(韵）Rhythms（节奏）comeoutofthearrangmentofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Whenstressisorganizedtoformregularrhythms,thetermusedforitismeter.(韵律）Unitsofmeterarecalledfeet.(音步）ThetypesoffeetIamb:Trochee:Anapest:Dactyl:Spondee:Pyrrhic:LineswithdifferentnumbersoffeetDimeter:alinewithtwofeet.Trimeter:Tetrameter:Pentameter:Hexameter:Heptameter:Octameter:9.3.4conventionalformsofmeterandsoundCoupletQuatrainsBlankverseSonnetFreeverseLimericks?Whatisthedifferenceofblankverseandfreeverse?ThepoeticfunctionsofsoundandmetreWhydopoetsusesoundandmetricalpatterningintheirpoetry?1.2.3.4.5.6.9.3.6howtoanalysepoetry?Areasofdiscussionshouldbecoveredwhenweanalysepoetry?1.2.-a-b-c-d-e-f9.4thelanguageinfictionThreelevelsofdiscoursetoaccountforthelanguageoffictionalprose(i.e.anovelorshortstory)1.2.3.Atleasttherearesixviewpointstoanalysethediscoursestructureofafictionalprose.I-narrators/thefirstpersonnarration叙述者以“我”的口吻说话，并且他本人就是小说中的一个人物。如：TheCatcherintheRye,WutheringHeights,MobyDick.Strongpointsofit……Weakpointsofit……Third-personnarration叙述者是故事的局外人，他谈到作品本身的人物时，只呼其名或以“他”、“她”、“他们”来称呼。如TomJonesbyHenryFieldingSchema-orientedlanguageGivenandnewinformationdeixis9.4.2speechandthoughtpresentation(1)speechcanbepresentedinfiveways:1)2)3)4)5)freeindirectspeechexamplesThoughtpresentation(2)thoughtcanbepresentedalsoinfiveways.AstheeffectsassociatedwithNRT,NRTAorITareroughlythesameasthoseassociatedwithspeechpresentation,attentionwillbefocusedonthediscussionofDTandFIT.DirectthoughtTheusageofitThedifferenceofdirectthoughtandsoliloquy.FreeindirectthoughtThetypicaleffectofit……ThemarkeddifferenceofFISandFITstreamofconsciousnesswritingLimitedpointofviewofthethird-personnarrationThefeaturesofstreamofconsciousnesswritingThemostfreeversionofDTHighlyellipticalsentencestructure……ProsestyleAuthorialstyleTextstyle9.4.4howtoanalysethelanguageoffiction1.2.3.4.5.6.9.5thelanguageindramaAplayexistsintwoways----onthepage,andonthestage.Thedifferentfeatures