非谓语动词

非谓语动词Non-restrictedVerbs非谓语动词和谓语动词的识别顾名思义，非谓语动词就是在英语中不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。近年来高考命题常常通过改变熟悉的句型结构或利用一些“貌合神离”的手段，加大考生辨别非谓语动词的难度。一句话通常不能有两个或两个以上的谓语动词，除非动词是并列谓语或者分别出现在主从复合或并列句中；一句话也不可能无谓语动词（谓语省略的情况除外）。非谓语不定式（todo)分词动名词(-ing)过去分词(-ed)现在分词(-ing)-doing-done非谓语动词时态形式的确定弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在。一般来说，非谓语动词的时态有以下三种形式。非谓语表示的动作非谓语动词的形式在谓语表示的动作之后与谓语表示的动作同时发生在谓语表示的动作之前tododoing或tobedoingtohavedone或havingdone非谓语动词语态形式的确定非谓语动词的被动语态通常有以下几种情况：非谓语动词一般被动式完成被动式动词不定式动名词现在分词过去分词tobedonetohavebeendonebeingdonehavingbeendonebeingdonehavingbeendone及物动词的过去分词既表示被动又表示动作已完成,个别动词的过去分词只表示完成(多数为不及物动词)主动语态被动语态一般式进行式完成式完成进行式tobedonetohavebeendonetobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendoingtodo不定式一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后Wedecidedtoleaveearly.Whoheardhimsaythat?进行式表示的动作或状态，与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生Heseemstobesayingsomething.完成式表示动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.Iregrettohavebeenwithyouforsomanyyears.或表示过去未曾实现的愿望:Ishouldliketohavecomeearlier.完成进行式表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作:Youseemtohavebeenwritingverylong.动词不定式的作用1.不定式作主语2.不定式作表语3.不定式作宾语4.不定式作宾语补足语5.不定式作定语（必须后置）6.不定式作状语1.不定式做主语一般表示特指,指具体的,某一次的行为Tostoptheworknowseemsimpossible.2.当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,将不定式放到谓语的后面。①.It+be+adj.+ofsb.todo…②.It+be+adj.+forsb.+todo…③.It+be+a/an+n.+todo2.不定式作表语1.说明主语的具体内容Mary’staskistosetthetable.Hisgoalistobeascientist.Yourmistakewastosignthatletter.2.表示其他东西(如目的等)Thiswallistokeeppeopleoutofthegarden.3.主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果）Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.不定式作宾语1.许多动词后可以用不定式作宾语常见动词:promise,agree,plan,refuse,hope,wish,expect,dare,want,manage,pretend…2.有些动词+连接副（代）词+不定式常见动词:decide/findout/know/learn/regard/show/teach/tell/think/understand/wonder…Haveyoudecidedwhattodonext?Youmustlearnhowtobepatient.Hewroteabookonhowtoprotecttheenvironment.3.用it作形式宾语.Ihavelonghaditinmindtoansweryourletter.Find\make\feel\consider\thinkit+adj+todo不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在含有否定意义的,带有介词except或but(=except)的结构中才能这样用.Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.注意but/except前必须要有实义动词do时，but/except后的不定式to才能省略,否则to则不省.有do无to,有to无doShehasnochoicebuttowaitforthenews.Hecoulddonothingbutwait.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.不定式作宾语补足语1.许多动词跟“名词(代词)+不定式”构成复合宾语advise/allow/ask/invite/oblige/order/permit/persuade/teach/tell…Mybosstoldmetotypeouttwoletters.Theypersuadedhimtogiveupsmoking.2.有些动词可以跟带有tobe的复合宾语consider/suppose/believe/declare/discover/feel/find/judge/know/showIconsiderhimtobethebestcandidate.3.某些感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补语的不定式可以省去to,但变为被动结构时需要保留to.feelhear/listentohave/let/makewatch/observe/lookat/notice/see不定式作定语:（须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面）1.后置,表示将来Intheyearstocome,wewillstudyharderandharder.ThisistheHopeProjectSchooltobebuiltnextyear.2.当名词被序数词,形容词/副词最高级及next,only,right修饰时,常用不定式作定语,与其所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的主谓关系.Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.Whereisthebestplacetomeet?3.不定式与被修饰名词构成逻辑上动宾关系时,如果不定式动词为不及物动词,需保留介词.Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.Doyouhaveanyclothestowash?“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashed?”askedthemaidIneedapentowritewith.Therearemanymodelbikestochoosefrom.(有,需要,给,找,弄have,need,want,give,find,get)4.不定式说明被修饰的名词或代词的内容，相当于同位语,可转换成同位语从句.time/reason/chance/opportunity/way/need/effort/wish/right不定式作状语1.表示目的(可置于句首)不定式表目的时,通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语Agentlemanstoppedtotalktome.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmusttryyourbest.注意:不定式的逻辑主语要与主语保持一致Tostudyaforeignlanguage,practiceisneeded.Tostudyaforeignlanguage,oneneedspractice.2.表结果,常见下列句型①so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle②such…asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.⑤onlytodoHegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见.（有时也可表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果）HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.3.表示原因:Shesmiledtoseethestudentssohappy.Wejumpedwithjoytohearit.4.句首状语(不定式修饰整个句子)tobehonest/tobefair/totellyouthetruth/tobefrank/tocutalongstoryshort/tobesure1.只接省略to的不定式的结构。had/wouldrather宁愿hadbettercannot(help)but不能不may(just)aswell不妨(用来提出建议等)ratherthanwhynotwouldsooner宁愿wouldyouplease介词to的省略2.不定式作表语时,前有实义动词do,to也可以省略AllIdidwaspressthebutton.Whatyouhavetodoisfillinthequestion.3.当两个或多个不定式并列使用时,通常只在第一个不定式前加toWeoughttoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.I’dliketostaywithyou,helpyouandlearnfromyou.但如两者有对比关系,则不省Hehasn’tdecidedwhethertoquitortostay.Togoornottogo,it’saquestion.不定式后动词的省略•动词love,mean,want,hate,like,wish,expect,hope•try,intend,plan,refuse,prefer,seem•及beglad(pleased,delighted,happy)to等后面接不定式时，为避免重复，常省略与上文相同的动词，只保留to不定式符号。Wouldyoulovetojoinus?Yes,I’dloveto.Iwantedtogetintouchwithherbutwasn’tableto.Youdon’tknowher?Yououghtto.1.2.句式wouldhavedone…,shouldhavedone…,oughttohavedone…,needn’thavedone…,usedtobe…等省略形式为wouldhave,shouldhave,oughttohave,needn’thave,usedtobe,要保留不定式后的be或have。---Areyouasailor?---No,butIusedtobe(asailor).---Didyoutellhimthenews?---No.ButIthinkIshouldhave.动名词作主语,表语,宾语及定语doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendoneTheyareallinterestedinclimbingmountains.Hetookagreatdelightinhelpingothers.Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.主动形式被动形式一般式完成式动名词作主语:通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作LearningEnglishisveryimporta