美国文学期考重点复习提纲

bySmile1美国文学选读复习资料I.ColonialPeriod（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765）II.TheRevolutionaryperiod（革命时期):(1765-18世纪末）AmericanDreamTheistheideaheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesthatthroughhardwork,courageanddeterminationonecouldachieveprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.TheAmericanDreamisthatdreamofalandinwhichlifeshouldbebetterandricherandfullerforeveryone,withopportunityforeachaccordingtoabilityorachievement.….Itisnotadreamofmotorcarsandhighwagesmerely,butadreamofsocialorderinwhicheachmanandeachwomanshallbeabletoattaintothefulleststatureofwhichtheyareinnatelycapable,andberecognizedbyothersforwhattheyare,regardlessofthefortuitouscircumstancesofbirthorposition.◎◎◎BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林（1706-1790）1.Summary:OneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNationFirstgreatself-mademaninAmericaTheembodimentofAmericandream2.Majorworks:TheAutobiography《自传》：thefirstofitskindinliterature,oneoftheclassicsofthegenreIII.TheRomanticperiod（浪漫主义时期）:（1800-1865）◎◎◎EdgarAllanPoe（1809-1849）1.Summary:Novelist,poet,criticgoodatwritingGothic(哥特式）anddetectivefictionFatherofwesterndetectivestoriesandpsychoanalyticcriticismAmasterofthehorrortaleThefatherofthemodernshortstory2.Majorworks:PoetryTheRaven《乌鸦》ToHelen《献给海伦》Shortstories：Horror(suspense,terror,Insanity,death，Revengeandrebirth）TheCaskofAmontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》Ligeia《丽姬娅》AmericanTranscendentalism：美国超验主义（1830s-CivilWar）SummitofRomanticism/AmericanRenaissance1.AppearanceItisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.浪漫主义共同点:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.bySmile21836,“Nature”byEmerson2.FeaturesofTranscendentalism①TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.思想超灵宇宙②TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualisthemostimportantelementofSociety.个体+社会③TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.自然+上帝◎◎◎RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882):1.Summary:Americanessayist,lecturer,poetTheFounderofTranscendentalism2.Majorworks:Nature《论自然》：themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalismTheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》:American'sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence◎◎◎HenryDaivdThoreau(1817-1862)1.Summary:AmericanEssayist,Poet,PhilosopherAfriendofEmersonnotsuccessfulasawriterandlivedinobscurityallhislife2.MajorWorksCivilDisobedience«论公民之不服从»Walden《瓦尔登湖》:notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelopsandtestsThoreau’sowntranscendentalphilosophy.◎◎◎NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864):1.Summary:Americannovelistandshortstorywriter，thefirstgreatestAmeicanfictionwriterinthemoralistictraditionOneofthemostambivalent（矛盾的）writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.2.Hispointofview:HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanism（清教主义）deeply.(1).Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife(2).wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration(3).Evileducates.(4).Hehasdisgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweening(自负的)intellect.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandcold-blooded3.MajorWorksTheScarletLetter：establishedhimastheLeadingAmericannativenovelistofthe19thcenturyInhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthebiggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebestsymbolists.SymbolsinthenovelThescaffold（绞刑台）:Symbolofpenitence（赎罪）andGod’splatformontheDayofJudgementPrison:asymbolofisolation（隔离）andalienation（异化，疏远）TheRoseBush:aconstantreminderofsalvationandhopetoalltheprisoners.bySmile3TheForest:herinabilitytofindhappinessorwarmth;hopeColor:dark-herdull,gloomylifeBrightcolor-thechild’sfreespiritStream:thesymboloflinebetweenevilandpure.◎◎◎HermanMelville(1819-1891):Novelist,PoetMajorworks:MobyDick《白鲸》,1851这本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰Maincharacters:Ishmael(以实玛利）:thenarratorAhab（埃哈伯）:theprotagonistMobyDickSymbolisminMobyDick：ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.散文史诗Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruth寻找真理andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman’sdeeprealityandpsychology.MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable难以理解的,malignant恶性的,andbeautifulaswell.ThemesofMobyDick1）futilityandmeaninglessnessofexistence存在的徒劳无益与无意义2）alienation3）lonelinessandsuicidal/su:ɪˈsaɪdl/individualism4）rejectionandquest◎◎◎WaltWhitman(1819~1892)1.Summary:Americanpoet,essayist,journalist,andhumanistThefatheroffreeverse（自由诗）2.Majorworks:LeavesofGrass《草叶集》FamouspoemsSongofMyself《自我之歌》One’sSelfISing《我歌唱一个人的自己》OCaptain!MyCaptain!《噢，我的船长！我的船长！》3.Style:“freeverse（自由诗）:theversethatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.(1).Parallelism（排比）(2).