语言学教程-第三版-第八章-语用学

中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Thestudyoflanguageinuse.■Thestudyofmeaningincontext.■Thestudyofspeakers’meaning,utterancemeaning,orcontextualmeaning.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Speaker’smeaning(Afatheristryingtogethis3-year-olddaughtertostopliftingupherdresstodisplayhernewunderweartotheassemble.)■Father:Wedon’tDOthat.■Daughter:IKNOW,Daddy.Youdon’tWEARdresses.(wear=do)Explanations:■Father:“Wedon’tdisplayunderweartoothers”(Yes)vs.“Wedon’twearunderwear”(No)■Daughter:Iknowyoudon’twearunderwear.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■UtteranceMeaningvs.SentenceMeaning■Utterancevs.Sentence■Sentence:abstractunitsofthelanguagesystem.■Utterance:unitsoflanguageinuse.■Sentencemeaning:WhatdoesXmean?■Utterancemeaning:WhatdoyoumeanbyX?■Dog!■Mybagisheavy.■“Janet!Donkeys!”(DavidCopperfield)中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■ContextualMeaning:meaningincontext■Themeaningofthesentencedependsonwhothespeakeris,whotheheareris,whenandwhereitisused.■ItwasahotChristmasday,sowewentdowntothebeachintheafternoonandhadagoodtimeswimmingandsurfing.■Moreexamples:1.A:Areyougoingtotheseminar?B:It’sonlinguistics.(Maybeheisnotinterestedinit,sohewouldn’tgo)2.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.(Idon’tlikecoffeebecauseIwouldbehardtogoasleepwithit)中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■JohnAustin(1911-1960)■HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)■speechacts:actionsperformedviautterances8.1.1Performativesvs.Constatives（施为句与叙事句）■Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,e.g.:■IgototheparkeverySunday.■IteachEnglish.■Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.■Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.8.1.SpeechActTheory中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■E.g.a.Ido.b.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.c.Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.d.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.e.Ipromisetofinishitintime.f.Iapologize.g.Ideclarethemeetingopen.h.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Felicityconditions:合适/适切条件■AsimplifiedversionsuggestedbyAustinisasfollows：■A.(i)Theremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure.（必须有一个相应的规约程序）(ii)therelevantparticipantsandcircumstancesmustbeappropriate.（相关的参与者和环境是合适的）■B.Theproceduremustbeexecutedcorrectlyandcompletely.（该程序必须正确完全地执行）■C.Veryoften,therelevantpeoplemusthavetherequisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,andmustfollowitupwithactionsasspecified.（有关人员必须有相关的思想、感情和意图，并且必须有相关的后续行为）■Problemswithfelicityconditions:■Nostrictprocedureforpromising,e.g.■Ipromise.or,■Igivemywordforit.■Constativesmayalsobeinfelicitous:“Ibequeathmywatchtomybrother”saidbysomebodywithoutawatch.(TorF?Inorderforthesentencetobetrue,itmustmeettheconditionthat“Imustownawatch”;otherwise,thesentenceisfalse)中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Featuresofperformativesonsyntaxandwordlevels:■Firstpersonsingular■Speechactverbs/performativeverbs■Thepresenttense■Indicativemood■Activevoice■Conclusion:■Thedistinctionbetweenconstatives&performativescannotbemaintained.■Allsentencescanbeusedtodothings.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网■Alocutionaryact（发话行为/言内行为）:theactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof“say”.■Anillocutionaryact（行事行为/言外行为）:anactperformedinsayingsomething.Tosaysthistodosth.■InsayingX,IwasdoingY.■Insaying“Iwillcometomorrow”,Iwasmakingapromise.■Illocutionaryforce:equivalenttospeaker'smeaning,contextualmeaning,orextrameaning,andmaybetranslatedintoChineseas言外之意.■Aperlocutionaryact（取效行为/言后行为）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.■BysayingXanddoingY,IdidZ.■Bysaying“Iwillcometomorrow”andmakingapromise,Ireassuremyfriends.中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网一、术语解释1.LocutionaryAct,IllocutinaryActandPerlocutionaryAct(5points)[北京交通大学2005研，武汉大学2005研]【答案】AccordingtoAustin,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking.Alocutionaryactistheutteringofwords,phrases,andclauses,whichconveysmeaningbygivingoutmeaningfulsounds.Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Therefore,whensomebodysays“Morning”,wecanaskaquestionlike“Whatdidhedo?”,andtheanswercouldbe“Heofferedagreeting.”Aperlocutionaryactistheeffectoftheutterance.Thus,bysaying“Morning!”thespeakerhasmadeitclearthathewantstokeepfriendlyrelationswiththehearer.Whenthetwospeakersareonnormalterms,theeffectmaybenegligible.Butiftherewereanytensionsbetweenthem,asimple“Morning!”fromonesidemaybringaboutgreatchangesintheirrelationship.Theothermayacceptthisshowoffriendliness,andbefriendswithhimagain.Inthiscase,wecansay“he’smadepeacewithhisfriend”.英语专业考研真题精选中华英语学习网官方总站：圣才学习网[武汉大学2007研]【答案】Constativeref