及物和不及物动词的用法

什么是及物动词和不及物动词?英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把实义动词分成及物动词和不及物动词。1.及物动词(transitiveverb)——后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，用vt表示。如：Weplantedmanytreesaroundourschool.2.不及物动词(intransitiveverb)——本身意义完整后面不需跟宾语的实义动词，用vi表示。如：Mywatchstopped.不及物动词后面不能直接跟宾语•Mywatchstopped.•IthappenedinJune，1932.•Shespokeatthemeetingyesterdayevening.•Iusedtoliveinthecountryside.•Theforeignersarrived（atourschoolthismorning）.•Youmustwait(foryourturn).•不及物动词只能用于“主＋谓”结构,但是可以加任意状语。•或者理解成：后面需要宾语时，必须加上相应的介词，如to,of,at，on,for等。常见的不及物动词agree,go,work,listen,look,come,die,belong,fall,exist,rise,arrive,sit,sail,hurry,fail,succeed....及物动词后面必须跟宾语•Agirlopenedthedoor.•HereachedParisthedaybeforeyesterday.•Pleasehandmethebookoverthere.•Theyaskedmetogofishingwiththem.*及物动词常用于：主＋谓＋宾；主＋谓＋双宾；主＋谓＋宾＋宾补结构。常见的及物动词buy,catch,dress,find,found,forget,give,invent,like,make,marry,observe,offer,prevent,promise,raise,receive,regard,see,say,seat,supply,select,suppose,show,serve,take,tell....有些动词既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词。1.意义不变：Everybody,ourgamebegins.（Vi）Letusbeginourgame.（vt）类似的还有：start,answer,sing,close,consider,insist,read,learn,prepare,pay,hurt,improve....2.意义完全不同：Wesawthemountainwhenthecloudslifted.（vi,消散）Heliftedhisglassanddrank.（vt,举起）类似的有：beatvi.跳动vt.敲、打;growvi.生长vt.种植playvi.玩耍vt.打（牌、球）,演奏smellvi.发出（气味）vt.嗅ringvi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话speakvi.讲话vt.说（语言）hangvi.悬挂vt.绞死operatevi.动手术vt.操作有些及物动词后面可加上某些副词，作补语(补充说明宾语的内容或状态)Thousandsofpeoplewereattheairporttoseethemoff.Settingthechairaside,hesatonthefloor.Lastnight'sstrongwindnearlytooktheroofoff!Thestrikerstookoverthefactories.类似的还有：puton、putoff、putaway、putup、putdownputout、turnon、turnoffuseup、cutup、eatup、sellout、cheerupthinkup、handin、handout、throwaway/offwakeup、writedown、letdown···如果在句子中需使用及物动词而后面却没有宾语时，怎么办？eg.Thelittleboythismorning.(dress)在这个句子中，动词dress后面没有宾语，我们就得考虑以句子主语来充当它的逻辑宾语，所以得使用被动语态。Thelittleboythismorning.(dress)有些及物动词后面加上某个副词时，可转化为不及物动词。wasdresseddressedup及物动词+副词不及物动词短语又如：Thebookssoldoutinaweek.Theenemywereforcedtogivein.Mycarbrokedownonmywaytoschool.Heproposedtosetoffimmediately.HepromisedtocomeonTuesdaybuthenevershowedup.