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1非谓语动词语法讲解一、非谓语动词的概念动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了,要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。非谓语形式有三种:1、动词不定式:todo2、动词的ing:doing3、动词的过去分词:done★不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。二、非谓语动词的时态和语态一般式完成式进行式不定式主动todotohavedonetobedoing被动tobedonetohavebeendoneing形式主动doinghavingdone被动beingdonehavingbeendone过去分词被动done三.非谓语动词的句法功能:(一)动词不定式:to+do1.不定式的否定式:not+todo(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生I'mgladtomeetyou.Heseemstoknowalot.(2)进行式:不定式的动作正在发生Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.Heseemstobereadinginhisroom.(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前Iregrettedtohavetoldalie.2Ihappenedtohaveseenthefilm.2.不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.★动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.(2)作表语:Herjobistocleanthehall.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.(3)作宾语:常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer。★it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.(4)作宾语补足语:Withalotofworktodo,hedidn'tgotothecinema.有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加toIsawhimcrosstheroad.Hewasseentocrosstheroad.(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。Ihaveameetingtoattend.Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.(6)作状语:①表目的:Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.3②表结果:Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调:Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.③表原因:Theywereverysadtohearthenews.(7)作独立成分:totellyouthetruth,tobehonest,generallyspeakingTotellyouthetruth,Idon'tlikethewayhetalked.(二)Ving1.否定式:not+Ving(1)一般式:Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。(2)被动式:Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。(3)完成式:Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.我们记得看过这部电影。(4)完成被动式:HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。(5)否定式:not+VingIregretnotfollowinghisadvice.我后悔没听他的劝告。2.Ving的句法功能:(1)作主语:Readingaloudisveryhelpful.朗读是很有好处的。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。It'snousequarrelling.争吵是没用的。(2)作表语:Intheantcity,thequeen'sjobislayingeggs.4在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。(3)作宾语:Theyhaven'tfinishedbuildingthedam.他们还没有建好大坝。Wehavetopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。★形式宾语itWefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认),deny(否认),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险),appreciate(感激),bebusy,beworth,feellike,can'tstand,can'thelp(情不自禁地),thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…(from),protect…from,setabout,beengagedin,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,insiston,feellike(4)作定语:Hecan'twalkwithoutawalking-stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool?你们学校有游泳池吗?Themanspeakingtotheteacherisourmonitor'sfather.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.正在被讨论的问题很重要。(5)作状语※Ving的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,Theywenttothepark,singingandtalking.他们边唱边说向公园走去。Havingdonehishomework,heplayedbasket-ball.做完作业,他开始打篮球。※Ving的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。Havingbeentoldmanytimes,thenaughtyboymadethesamemistake.(强调动作的先后动作)被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。★①作时间状语:(While)Workinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.5在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。②作原因状语:BeingaLeaguemember,heisalwayshelpingothers.由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。③作方式状语,表示伴随:Hestayedathome,cleaningandwashing.他呆在家里,又擦又洗。④作条件状语:(If)Playingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。⑤作结果状语:Hedroppedtheglass,breakingitintopieces.他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。⑥作目的状语:Hewentswimmingtheotherday.几天前他去游泳了。⑦作让步状语:Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。(6)作宾语补足语:如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listento,lookat,leave,catch等。例如:Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?Hekeptthecarwaitingatthegate.他让小汽车在门口等着。(四)过去分词:过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。过去分词的句法功能:1.过去分词作定语:OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Thoseelectedascommitteememberswillattendthemeeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会。6注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2.过去分词作表语:Thewindowisbroken.窗户破了。Theywerefrightenedatthesadsight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:boiledwater(开水)fallenleaves(落叶)newlyarrivedgoods(新到的货)therisensun(升起的太阳)thechangedworld(变了的世界)3.过去分词作宾语补足语:Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:Withtheworkdone,theywentouttoplay.工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。4.过去分词作状语:Praisedbytheneighbours,hebecametheprideofhisparents.受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)Onceseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)Givenmoretime,I'llbeabletodoitbetter.如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)Thoughtoldofthedanger,hestillriskedhislifetosavetheboy.虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)Filledwithhopesandfears,heenteredthecave.心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。★1.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,forgettodo…忘记要做某事forgetdoing…忘记做了某事remembertodo…记住要做某事rememberdoing…记着做了某事meantodo…有意要做某事meandoing…意味着做了某事7regrettodo…对要做的事表示后悔regretdoing…对做过去的事后悔can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事trytodo…尽力去做某事trydoing试着做某事learntodo…学着去做某事learndoing…学会做某事stoptodo…停下来去做(另一件事)stopdoing…停止做某事goontodo…接着做(另外一件事)goondoing…继续做某事usedtodo…过去做某事beusedtodoing…习惯做某事2.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词:admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mi
本文标题:非谓语动词讲解
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