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十、非谓语动词一、定义不充当句子谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词。它们不受主语限制,无时态与语态变化,又称非限定性动词。二、形式1.动词不定式(todosth.)2.动名词(v.-ing)现在分词(v.-ing)3.分词过去分词(v.-ed或不规则变化)考点一动词不定式动词不定式可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语,我们主要掌握不定式作宾语、宾语补足语及目的状语的用法。功能例句说明主语Toswimhereisdangerous.在这儿游泳是危险的。动词不定式作主语时常可转化为用it作形式主语表语Myjobistolookaftermysister.我的工作是照看我妹妹。多数情况下,动词不定式作表语,可转换为作主语功能例句说明宾语Iwanttobeanactor.我想成为一名演员。只能作某些动词的宾语,一般不作介词的宾语宾语补足语SheaskedmetospeakEnglish.她要求我说英语。在make,let,see,hear,watch等使役动词后,不定式省略to定语Doyouhaveanythingtosay?你有要说的吗?不定式作定语,要放在所修饰词的后面状语Icomeheretoseeyou.我来这里是为了见你。不定式作状语,其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致此外,不定式可以与疑问词连用,用作主语、宾语、表语等。①Ican’tdecidewhichonetobuy.我不能决定该买哪一件。(作宾语)②Whentostarthasn’tbeendiscussed.什么时候开始还没有被讨论。(作主语)【温馨提示】(1)help后接不定式时可以省略to;(2)有些动词后接不定式时通常省略to:feel,hear,see,watch,notice,let,make,have(简记为一感一听三看三让)。上述动词变为被动语态后,其后的不定式必须补上“to”。①Tomhelpedhisbrother(to)learntoswim.汤姆帮他的弟弟学习游泳。变为被动语态:HisbrotherwashelpedtolearntoswimbyTom.②WeoftenhearJacksingEnglishsongs.我们常听见杰克唱英文歌。变为被动语态:JackisoftenheardtosingEnglishsongs.【巧学妙记】只能跟不定式作宾语的动词决心学会有希望(decide,determine,learn,wish,hope),同意计划莫假装(agree,plan,pretend),胆敢拒绝会失败(dare,refuse,fail),准备设法来帮忙(prepare,try,manage,help),提供请求负担起(offer,beg,demand,afford),答应安排理应当(promise,arrange,besupposed),以上后跟不定式,劝君牢记永不忘。考点二动名词动名词相当于名词、形容词。可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。功能例句说明主语Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.吃太多对你的健康有害处。谓语动词用单数宾语Ilikeplayingbasketballverymuch.我非常喜欢打篮球。表示习惯性的动作Stampsareusedforsendingletters.邮票是用来寄信的。功能例句说明表语Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.他的爱好是集邮。多数情况下可转换为动名词作主语定语Billisinthereadingroom.比尔在阅览室里。只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等【巧学妙记】喜欢(enjoy)不断(keep)提建议(suggest)盼望(lookforwardto)习惯(beusedto)却完毕(finish)想要(feellike)花费(spend)去练习(practice)忍俊不禁(can’thelp)还介意(mind)后接动词-ingMygrandfatherkepttellingjokesandIcouldn’thelplaughing.爷爷不停地讲笑话,我忍不住笑了。【温馨提示】部分动词既可接动名词作宾语,又可接不定式作宾语,两者意义区别较大。rememberdoingsth.记得做过某事remembertodosth.记得去做某事(未做)forgetdoingsth.忘了做过某事forgettodosth.忘了去做某事(未做)stopdoingsth.停止做某事stoptodosth.停下来去做某事needdoingsth.需要做某事(被动含义)needtodosth.需要去做某事(主动含义)trydoingsth.尝试做某事trytodosth.尽力做某事hear/seesb.doingsth.听见/看见某人正在做某事hear/seesb.dosth.听见/看见某人做了某事考点三分词1.分词的构成分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词+-ing”构成。过去分词的基本形式是“动词+-ed”,但也有不规则的形式。2.分词的句法功能功能例句说明定语①Doyouknowtheboyplayingfootball?你认识踢足球的那个男孩吗?②Pleasehandinyourwrittenexercise.请交上你的笔试练习。现在分词作定语,其逻辑主语就是所修饰的词;过去分词作定语,其逻辑宾语是它所修饰的词状语①Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,talkingandlaughing.学生们谈笑着走出了教室。②Seenfromthehill,ourschoollooksmorebeautiful.从小山上看,我们的学校显得更美丽了。分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语功能例句说明表语①Thenewsisexciting.这个消息令人兴奋。②I’minterestedinthebook.我对这本书感兴趣。现在分词表示主语的性质、特征;过去分词表示某种状态补足语①Don’tkeepmewaitingforalongtime.别让我等很长时间。②Ihadmyhaircutlastnight.昨天晚上我理发了。现在分词作补足语,被修饰的宾语或主语是它的逻辑主语(即主动关系);过去分词作补足语,被修饰的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语(即被动关系)Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空1.(2012·安顺中考)Mr.Scottmadealivingby______(sell)oldthings.2.(2011·遵义中考)Trusthim!Hehasnodifficulty______(work)outtheproblem.答案:1.selling2.working3.(2011·滨州中考)Davidpreferred______(sell)newspaperstodoinghouseworkwhenhewasyoung.4.(2011·兰州中考)Thestudent______(name)WangLinismyexampleinEnglishlearning.5.(2011·梧州中考)Davyenjoys______(play)tennisandbaseball.答案:3.selling4.named5.playingⅡ.单项选择1.(2012·安顺中考)—Doyouknowwhethertheman_______bythedoorisMr.Smith?—Sure.We’veknowneachotherforalongtime.A.standB.standingC.stoodD.stands【解析】选B。standingbythedoor是现在分词短语作后置定语表示动作正在进行,与被修饰的man之间存在主动关系。故选B。2.(2012·随州中考)It’sdangerous_______withthewildanimal.A.forustoplayB.ofusplayingC.forusplayingD.ofustoplay【解析】选A。It’s+adj.+forsb.todosth.意为“做某事对某人……”,其中it为形式主语,动词不定式toplaywiththewildanimal是真正的主语,故选A。3.(2012·自贡中考)—Whenareyougoingtohaveyourhair_______?—Thisafternoon.A.cutB.tocutC.cutting【解析】选A。havesth.done“让……被做”。过去分词作宾语补足语,与所修饰的宾语之间存在被动关系。故选A。4.(2011·山西中考)Driversshouldn’tbeallowed_______afterdrinking,ortheywillbreakthelaw.A.driveB.drivingC.todrive【解析】选C。allowsb.todosth.“允许某人做某事”,其被动语态为sb.beallowedtodosth.“某人被允许做某事”。故选C。5.(2011·重庆中考)Wedon’tknow_______itnext.Let’sgoandaskMr.Li.A.whattodoB.todowhatC.whethertodoD.todowhether【解析】选C。“特殊疑问词+todo”在此作know的宾语,再由it可知,句中已有动词do的宾语,故选C。6.(2011·绵阳中考)OurEnglishteacherencouragesus_______partinallkindsofafter-classactivities.A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.totaking【解析】选A。encouragesb.todosth.鼓励某人做某事。7.(2011·江西中考)Howkindyouare!Youalwaysdowhatyoucan_______me.A.helpB.helpingC.tohelpD.helps【解析】选C。动词不定式短语tohelp作目的状语。8.(2011·济南中考)Thewomanlovesanimalsandshetries_______thesehomelessanimals.A.tohurtB.toeatC.tohelpD.tokill【解析】选C。trytodosth.“努力做某事”。句意:这位女士喜欢动物,她努力地去帮助这些失去家园的动物。故选C。9.(2011·眉山中考)—It’salittlecoldtoday.Wouldyoumind_______thewindow?—Ofcoursenot.A.notopeningB.nottoopenC.don’topenD.noopening【解析】选A。Wouldyouminddoingsth.?“你介意做某事吗?”,其否定形式为Wouldyoumindnotdoingsth.?10.(2011·昆明中考)Thereporterdidn’tgotobeduntilhefinished_______thearticle.A.writingB.writeC.towriteD.wrote【解析】选A。finishdoingsth.完成某事。故选A。
本文标题:非谓语动词
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