马尔库塞论解放marcuse

AnEssayonLiberationBYHERBERTMARCUSEBEACONPRESS:BOSTONBeaconPress25BeaconStreetBoston,Massachusetts02108-2892:0-8070-0595-9AcknowledgmentsTHANKSAGAINtomyfriendswhoreadthemanuscriptandwhosecommentsandcriticismIheededthroughout:espe-ciallyLeoLowenthal(UniversityofCaliforniaatBerke-ley),ArnoJ.Mayer(PrincetonUniversity).andBarringtonMoore,Jr.(HarvardUniversity).Mywifediscussedwithmeeverypartandproblemofthemanuscript.Withouthercooperation,thisessaywouldhaveappearedmuchsooner.Iamgratefultoherthatitdidn't.PrefaceTHEGROWINGOPPOSITIONtotheglobaldominionofcor-poratecapitalismisconfrontedbythesustainedpowerofthisdominion:itseconomicandmilitaryholdinthefourcontinents,itsneocolonialempire,and,mostimportant,itsunshakencapacitytosubjectthemajorityoftheunderlyingpopulationtoitsoverwhelmingproductivityandforce.Thisglobalpowerkeepsthesocialistorbitonthedefensive,alltoocostlynotonlyintermsofmilitaryexpendituresbutalsointheperpetuationofarepressivebureaucracy.Thede-velopmentofsocialismthuscontinuestobedeflectedfromitsoriginalgoals,andthecompetitivecoexistencewiththeWestgeneratesvaluesandaspirationsforwhichtheAmeri-canstandardoflivingservesasamodel.Now,however,thisthreateninghomogeneityhasbeenlooseningup,andanalternativeisbeginningtobreakintotherepressivecontinuum.Thisalternativeisnotsomuchadifferentroadtosocialismasanemergenceofdifferentgoalsandvalues,differentaspirationsinthemenandwomenwhoresistanddenythemassiveexploitativepowerofcorporatecapitalismeveninitsmostcomfortableandliberalrealizations.TheGreatRefusaltakesavarietyofforms.viiiPrefaceInVietnam,inCuba,inChina,arevolutionisbeingde-fendedanddrivenforwardwhichstrugglestoeschewthebureaucraticadministrationofsocialism.TheguerrillaforcesinLatinAmericaseemtobeanimatedbythatsamesubversiveimpulse:liberation.Atthesametime,theappar-entlyimpregnableeconomicfortressofcorporatecapital-ismshowssignsofmountingstrain:itseemsthateventheUnitedStatescannotindefinitelydeliveritsgoods—gunsandbutter,napalmandcolorTv,Theghettopopulationsmaywellbecomethefirstmassbasisofrevolt(thoughnotofrevolution).Thestudentoppositionisspreadingintheoldsocialistaswellascapitalistcountries.InFrance,ithasforthefirsttimechallengedthefullforceoftheregimeandrecaptured,forashortmoment,thelibertarianpoweroftheredandtheblackflags;moreover,ithasdemonstratedtheprospectsforanenlargedbasis.Thetemporarysuppressionoftherebellionwillnotreversethetrend.Noneoftheseforcesisthealternative.However,theyoutline,inverydifferentdimensions,thelimitsoftheestab-lishedsocieties,oftheirpowerofcontainment.Whentheselimitsarereached,theEstablishmentmayinitiateaneworderoftotalitariansuppression.Butbeyondtheselimits,thereisalsothespace,bothphysicalandmental,forbuild-ingarealmoffreedomwhichisnotthatofthepresent:liberationalsofromthelibertiesofexploitativeorder—aliberationwhichmustprecedetheconstructionofafreesociety,onewhichnecessitatesanhistoricalbreakwiththepastandthepresent.Itwouldbeirresponsibletooverratethepresentchancesoftheseforces(thisessaywillstresstheobstaclesandde-lays),butthefactsarethere,factswhicharenotonlythesymbolsbutalsotheembodimentsofhope.TheyconfrontthecriticaltheoryofsocietywiththetaskofreexaminingPrefaceixtheprospectsfortheemergenceofasocialistsocietyquali-tativelydifferentfromexistingsocieties,thetaskofredefin-ingsocialismanditspreconditions.Inthefollowingchapters,IattempttodevelopsomeideasfirstsubmittedinErosandCivilizationandinOne-Dimen-sionalMan,thenfurtherdiscussedinRepressiveToler-anceandinlecturesdeliveredinrecentyears,mostlytostudentaudiencesintheUnitedStatesandinEurope.ThisessaywaswrittenbeforetheeventsofMayandJune1968inFrance.Ihavemerelyaddedsomefootnotesinthewayofdocumentation.Thecoincidencebetweensomeoftheideassuggestedinmyessay,andthoseformulatedbytheyoungmilitantswastomestriking.Theradicalutopiancharacteroftheirdemandsfarsurpassesthehypothesesofmyessay;andyet,thesedemandsweredevelopedandformulatedinthecourseofactionitself;theyareexpres-sionsofconcretepoliticalpractice.Themilitantshavein-validatedtheconceptofutopia—theyhavedenouncedaviciousideology.Nomatterwhethertheiractionwasarevoltoranabortiverevolution,itisaturningpoint.Inproclaimingthepermanentchallenge(lacontestationpermanente),thepermanenteducation,theGreatRe-fusal,theyrecognizethemarkofsocialrepression,eveninthemostsublimemanifestationsoftraditionalculture,eveninthemostspectacularmanifestationsoftechnicalprogress.Theyhaveagainraisedaspecter(andthistimeaspecterwhichhauntsnotonlythebourgeoisiebutallex-ploitativebureaucracies):thespecterofarevolutionwhichsubordinatesthedevelopmentofproductiveforcesandhigherstandardsoflivingtotherequirementsofcreatingsolidarityforthehumanspecies,forabolishingpovertyandxPrefacemiserybeyondallnationalfrontiersandspheresofinterest,fortheattainmentofpeace.Inoneword:theyhavetakenthe