语言学第第三章PPT

Chapter3MorphologyMorphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.IOpenclasswordandclosedclasswordOpenclasswords（开放词类）referstothecontentwords（实词）ofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs,e.g.beatnik(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,internet,“做秀，时装秀…”inChinese.wecanfrequentlyaddnewwordstothemClosedclasswords(封闭词类）referstothegrammaticalorfunctionalwords(功能词）,suchasconjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.IIMorpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning1Word:thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage.2Freeform(自由形式）：theelementthatdoesnothavetooccurinafixedpositionwithrespecttoitsneighboringelements,inmanycase,itcanevenappearinisolation.Forexample,dogcanappearinanypartsofasoundsequence.Thedogiseatingabone.Ilikedogs.Whatdoyousee?-----dog!Butthepluralform’s’canneverbeusedalone,anditspositionisalwaysfixed,thatisitmustbeaddedtoanoun.Morpheme--theminimalunitofmeaningWordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Morphememeansthesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.Sometimesawordisamorphemesuchasboy,girl,dog,cat,cupwhilesometimesawordis2ormoremorphemessuchas:reader,activateread-eract-iv-ateExamples:1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+able3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+abl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism(反对教会与国家分开学说)Thatis,sometimes,awordisamorpheme,sometimesawordiscomposedoftwoormoremorphemes.Amorphememaybeaword,ormaybenotawordbutameaningfulunitcannotbeusedalone,suchas–er,-able,-ful,-tion.3Amorphemeisacombinationofmeaningandsound,ie,itisnotthemeaningorthesoundonly.Wecallthesoundofamorphememorph(语子)Differentmorphemesmayhavethesamemorph,suchasthepluralform–sandthepossessivemorpheme–sFreemorpheme&boundmorphemeFreemorpheme----ismorphemethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Boundmorpheme----isonethatcanonlyappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotoccurbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.BoundmorphemesareseldomusedaloneAllomorph(词素变体）Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme,thepluralmorphememayberepresentedby:map----maps[s]dog----dogs[z]watch----watches[iz]mouse----mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.AffixaletteroragroupoflettersaddedtoawordtochangeitsmeaningPrefix----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothermorphemes,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix----morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothermorphemes,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,-tion,-ing,-ed,-enetc.Acomplexwordmayconsistofarootmorphemeandoneormoreaffixes.root(词根）：referstothecoreofawordthatcarriesthemajorcomponentofthewordmeaning.Forexampleruleistherootofruler,meanistherootofmeaningandmeaningfulrulermeaningfulVAfVSuruleermeanSuSumeaningfulDerivational&inflectionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemes(派生词素）：themorphemeswhichcanchangethecategory（词的范畴）orgrammaticalclassofwords（词类）,orchangethemeaningofthewordse.g.modern---modernize,length---lengthen,fool---foolish,etc.macroeconomics,multimedia,monologueInflectionalmorphemes(屈折词素）：themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon;theyneverchangethesyntacticcategoryofaword,neveraddanylexicalmeaningtowords,a)number:tablesapplescarsb)person,andaspect:talk/talks/talking/talkedc)case:John/John’sSomeothertermsRoot(词根）Stem（词干）Base（词基）RootArootisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectional&derivational)areremoved,e.g.“desire”in“desirable”,“care”in“carefully”,“nation”in“internationalism”,“believe”in“unbeliev(e)able”…StemAstemispartofaword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved,e.g.“undesiralbe”in“undesirables”(不良分子，不受欢迎的人），“write”in“writes,writing,written”BaseAbaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.desiredesire+abledesire+able+ilityun+desire+able+ilityun+desire+ableun+desire+able+ilityThedifferencebetweenroot,stem&baseAbasecanbeaddedbybothinflectional&derivationalaffixeswhileastemcanbeaddedonlybyinflectionalaffixes;Abaseisderivationallyanalyzable(e.g.undesireinundesirable)whilearootcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.desireinundesirable;Root,stemandbasecanbethesameform,e.g.desireindesired;Undesirableinundesirablesiseitherastemorabase;Desirableinundesirableisonlyabase.Morphologicalrules（词素的音位规则）ofwordformationTherulesthatgoverntheformationofwordsiscalledmorphologicalrules,e.g.the“un-+----”rule.unfairunthinkableunacceptable…Someofthemorphologicalrulescanbeusedquitefreelyarecalledproductivemorphologicalrules,suchaswecanusuallyaddtheprefixun-,in-toawordButtheun-ruleandthein-rulearenotasproductiveforadjcomposedofjustonemorphemeasforthosearethemselvesderivedfromverbs:Sad—un