词汇学第2讲History-of-the-English-Language

.EnglishLexicologyLectureTwoHistoryoftheEnglishLanguageContentsEnglishintheLanguageTree1MajorEnglishSpeakingCountries2TheMakingofaNation3DevelopmentoftheEnglishLanguage4LanguagesintheWorldItisdifficulttogiveanexactnumberoflanguagesthatexistintheworld,becauseitisnotalwayseasytodefinewhatalanguageis.Itisusuallyestimatedthatthenumberoflanguagesintheworldvariesbetween3,000and8,000.Thereareninemajorlanguagefamiliesintheworld,thefirsttwoofwhichareIndo-EuropeanandSino-Tibetan.Alanguagefamily(语系)canbedividedintolanguagegroups(语族)andthenlanguagebranches(语支).I.EnglishintheLanguageTreeLanguageFamiliesintheWorldIndo-EuropeanFamilySino-TibetanFamilyTheNumberofNativeSpeakersThePlaceoftheEnglishLanguageintheIndo-EuropeanFamilyIndo-EuropeItalicGermanic………NorthGermanicEastGermanicWestGermanicGermanDutchEnglish分析递进Englishtoday国际语言(internationallanguage)世界语言(worldlanguage)全球语言(globallanguage)通用语言(linguafranca)共同语言(commonlanguage)ContentsEnglishintheLanguageTree1MajorEnglishSpeakingCountries2TheMakingofaNation3DevelopmentoftheEnglishLanguage4TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)II.MajorEnglish-speakingCountriesFourareas:England,Scotland,Wales,andNorternIreland,whicharedividedintoregionsandfurtherdividedintocounties.GodSavetheQueenGodsaveourgraciousQueen!LongliveournobleQueen!GodsavetheQueen!Sendhervictorious,Happyandglorious,Longtoreignoverus,GodsavetheQueen.OLord,ourGod,arise,Scatterthine(her)enemies,Andmakethemfall:Confoundtheirpolitics,Frustratetheirknavishtricks,Ontheeourhopeswefix:Godsaveusall.ThychoicestgiftsinstoreOnherbepleasedtopour,Longmayshereign.Mayshedefendourlaws,Andevergiveuscause,Tosingwithheartandvoice,GodsavetheQueen.神佑女王神佑女王，祝她万寿无疆，神佑女王。常胜利，沐荣光；孚民望，心欢畅；治国家，王运长；神佑女王！扬神威，张天网，保王室，歼敌人，一鼓涤荡。破阴谋，灭奸党，把乱萌一扫光；让我们齐仰望，神佑女王！愿上帝恩泽长，选精品，倾宝囊，万岁女王！愿她保护法律，使民心齐归向，一致衷心歌唱，神佑女王！BritishNationalAnthemAmericanNationalFlagandNationalEmblemRushmoreNationalMemorialorUnitedStatesPresidentialMemorialLocatedinSouthDakotaWashington,Jefferson,Roosevelt,andLincoln(about60feethigh)TheStar-SpangledBannerOh,saycanyouseebythedawn'searlylight,Whatsoproudlywehailedatthetwilight'slastgleaming?Whosebroadstripesandbrightstarsthrutheperilousfight,O'ertherampartswewatchedweresogallantlystreaming?Andtherocket'sredglare,thebombsburstinginair,Gaveproofthruthenightthatourflagwasstillthere.Oh,saydoesthatstar-spangledbanneryetwave,O'erthelandofthefreeandthehomeofthebrave?Ontheshore,dimlyseenthroughthemistsofthedeep,Wherethefoe'shaughtyhostindreadsilencereposes,Whatisthatwhichthebreeze,o'erthetoweringsteep,Asitfitfullyblows,halfconceals,halfdiscloses?Nowitcatchesthegleamofthemorning'sfirstbeam,Infullgloryreflectednowshinesinthestream:'Tisthestar-spangledbanner!Ohlongmayitwave,O'erthelandofthefreeandthehomeofthebrave.Andwhereisthatbandwhosovauntinglyswore?Thatthehavocofwarandthebattle'sconfusion.Ahomeandacountryshouldleaveusnomore,Theirbloodhaswashedoutofoftheirfoulfootsteps'pollution.Norefugecouldsavethehirelingandslave,Fromtheterrorofflightandthegloomofthegrave.Andthestar-spangledbannerintriumphdothwave,O'erthelandofthefreeandthehomeofthebrave.Oh!thusbeitever,whenfreemenshallstand,Betweentheirlovedhomeandthewar'sdesolation!Blestwithvictoryandpeace,maytheheav'nrescuedland;PraisethePowerthathathmadeandpreservedusanation.Thenconquerwemust,whenourcauseitisjust,Andthisbeourmotto:InGodisourtrust.Andthestar-spangledbannerintriumphshallwave,O'erthelandofthefreeandthehomeofthebrave.AmericanNationalAnthemOttawa渥太华maple10provincesand3regionskangarooostrichkoala[kəu'ɑ:lə]boomerangCanberra堪培拉6statesand2autonomousregions,AustraliaNewZealandconsistsof11non-unitaryregionsand5unitaryregions.Capital:Wellington(惠灵顿).MaorihongiContentsEnglishintheLanguageTree1MajorEnglishSpeakingCountries2TheMakingofaNation3DevelopmentoftheEnglishLanguage41.CelticMigrationAbout5,000yearsago,agroupofpeoplecalledIberians[ai‘biəriən](伊比利亚人)camefromtheMediterraneanareasandsettleddowninthisislandwhatisnowBritain.About3,600yearsago,atribeofCelts(凯尔特人)migtatedfromtheupperstreamsoftheRheine,theSeineandtheDanube(roughlytheareanowcalledGermany)totheisland,whichwasfirstnamedBriton(布立吞),nowBritain.TheyarealsocalledBritons.thelanguage:Celt(凯尔特语)III.TheMakingofaNationCeltic(凯尔特人)Migration2.TheFirstConquest---(55B.C.~410A.D.)TheRomanComquest(罗马征服)JuliusCaesar(凯撒);from55B.C.;lateraProvinceofRomanEmpire;withdrawnin410A.D..AlmostnoRomansoldiersorciviliansremained.BritonsbecameslavesorrantoWales,ScotlandorIreland.RomanconquerorsbroughtRomancivilizationandbuiltroadsandcities(includingLondon,whichwasfirstbuiltonthenorthbankoftheThames.)III.TheMakingofaNation3.TheSecondConquest---(about450B.C.)TheEnglishComquest(英格兰征服)III.TheMakingofaNation*ItisalsocalledtheGermanticInvasion(日耳曼入侵).fromNorthernEurope(Denmark,Norway)*threetribes:→simplyAnglo-Saxons(盎格鲁-撒克逊人)*England→thelandofAngles//*English(people)*(the)English(language)→Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁撒克逊语)=OldEnglishAngles(盎格鲁人)Saxons(撒克逊人)Jutes(朱特人)GermanicinvadersenteredBritainontheeastandsouthcoastsinthe5thcentury.4.TheScandinavianInvasionInthe9t