胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part9

Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMindChapter6LanguageProcessingChapter6LanguageProcessinginMindinMind6.1Introduction6.2LanguageComprehension6.3Discourse/TextProduction6.4LanguageProduction6.1Introduction6.1IntroductionPsycholinguisticspropercanperhapsbeglossedasthestorage,comprehension,productionandacquisitionoflanguageinanymedium(spokenorwritten).™Psycholinguisticsisconcernedprimarilywiththepsychologicalrealityoflinguisticstructures.™Psycholinguistics&psychologyoflanguage™Psycholinguistics&Psychologyofcommunication™Cognitivepsychology&Experimentalpsychology6.1.1Evidence6.1.2currentissues1)controversyconcerningtheintegrationofthemodules2)relationshipbetweenstructureandprocess6.2LanguageComprehension6.2LanguageComprehension‹Ifweassumethattheprocessinvolvedintextcomprehensionarebyandlargethesameprocessasthoseinvolvedinspeechcommunication,itshouldfollowthatthosewhohavegoodreadingskillsshouldalsotendtohavegoodspeechcomprehensionskills.6.2.1WordRecognition‹CohortTheory‹FrequencyEffect‹RecencyEffects‹Context6.2.2LexicalAmbiguity6.2.3SyntacticProcessing‹GardenPath‹MinimalAttachmentTheory‹6.2.4Semantics&SentenceMemory‹AssimilationTheory‹6.2.5BasicProcessesinReading‹EyeMovement‹ThePerceptualSpan‹TheImmediacyAssumption6.3Discourse/TextInterpretation6.3Discourse/TextInterpretationGeneralContextEffects&SpecificContextEffects6.3.1Schemata&InferenceDrawing™1)Schematameanspacketsofstoredknowledge,itplaysanimportantroleinlanguageprocessing.™2)FeaturesofSchemata™3)Schemataareusefulinthetaskofdrawinginferencesandfillingingapsintheinformationprovidedbyspeechorbytext.6.3.2StoryStructure™1)Macrostructureofastory™2)Macropropositions6.4LanguageProduction6.4LanguageProduction6.4.1SpeechProduction1)Fivedifferentlevelsofrepresentationinvolvedinspeakingasentenceoccurinthefollowingsequence:™i)Themessage-levelrepresentation™ii)Thefunctional-levelrepresentation™iii)Thepositional–levelrepresentation™iv)Thephonetic–levelrepresentation™v)Thearticulatory–levelrepresentation2)Spoonerism3)AnAnticipationError4)ExchangeError5)Morpheme-ExchangeErrors6.4.2Writtenlanguage1)Writingessentiallyconsistsofthreeinter-relatedprocesses:i)Theplanningprocess™ii)Thesentencegenerationprocess™iii)Therevisionprocess2)Knowledge-tellingstrategy&knowledge-transformingstrategyQuestionsQuestionsJustifythefollowingstatementswithTrue(T)orFalse(F).aLinguisticcommunicationsareusuallypresentedtousintheformofwrittentextorspeech.Whiletheprocessofcomprehensionappearstobesimilarinbothcases,someoftheinitialstagesofprocessingdiffer.bAnalysisofeyemovementsduringreadinghasrevealedthatalloftheinformationfromtextisextractedduringtheperceptionalspan.cThefactthatthespeechsignalisoftensomewhatambiguousdoesnotmeanthatspeechperceptionoftenreliesheavilyontopdownorconceptuallydrivenprocesses.dThecomprehensionprocessinvolvesparsing,i.e..Workingoutthegrammaticalstructureofthesentence.eTheinterpretationofasentenceisnearlyalwaysdominatedbycontexteffects,eithergeneralknowledgeorinformationfromearlierpartsofthecommunication.QuestionsQuestionsfSchemataareespeciallyusefulinthetaskofdrawinginferencesandfillingingapsintheinformationprovidedbyspeechorbytext.Inthiscase,comprehensionfocusesonallthedetailsofwhatispresented.gThepsychologicalfactorsinvolvedinspeechproductionhavebeeninvestigatedbyexaminingthekindsoferrorthatpeoplemakewhilespeaking.Oneofthemostobviousfeaturesofspeechistheemphasisonforwardplanning.