Unit-4-Animal-life

Unit4AnimalLifeExcerptACloningLittlePigs•英国的科学家成功无性繁殖了五头小猪，为人类提供器官移殖的研究上，又迈进了重要的一步。•英国PPLTherapeutics公司成功利用细胞核转移(nucleartransfer)方法，无性繁殖了五头小猪，这种方法，是繁殖复制羊「桃丽」(Dolly)所采用的。•科学家指出，复制猪(pigclones)的细胞可以经过改造，制造出适宜人类的胰岛素(insulin)，对治疗糖尿病(diabetes)，帮助很大。•由於猪的心脏大小和人类的差不多，科学家可以使用基因改造方法，将猪的细胞组织改变，令它不会受人类的免疫系统排斥，可以作为器官移殖(organtransplant)之用。Whatiscloning?producingananimalorplantartificiallyinalaboratoryfromthecellsofanotheranimalorplantwiththeresultthatisidenticaltotheoriginalAkindofasexualreproductionWhatisDolly?DollywasbornonJuly5th,1996,butthenewswasnotannounceduntil1997.However,aftersixandahalfyears,DollywaspracticedeuthanasiabecauseofincurablediseasesincludingarthritisandrespiratoryinfectionsonFebruary14th,2003.RemovecellfromsheepXRemoveDNAfromunfertilisedeggCloneofsheepXImplantinanothersheepCultureFusecellsEarlyembryowithdonor’sDNAHowisasheepcloned?IanWilmut•IanWilmut,aBritishembryologistattheRoslinInstitute,atinybiotechcompanyinEdinburgh,thecapitalofScotland.ItwashewhocreatedDolly,thefirstclonedadultmammal.LanguagePoints•rejection/injection/infectious/infection:•Theanimalwasgivenaninjectionwithaharmfulsubstancetakenfromthecellwallsofbacteria.)•Thepatientsuffersfromalunginfection.•Coldsareinfectious.•Herlaughterisinfectious.•Hedecidednottoapproachherforfearofrejection.ExcerptBShrinkagetosurviveLanguagepoints•shrink:becomesmaller,asfromtheeffectofheatorwater,reduceinsizeoramount•diminish:makesmallerorless;detractfromtheauthority,reputation,orprestigeof•Washingwoolinhotwaterwillshrinkit.•Lizardscanchangetheirbody,eithergrowingorshrinking,andlargeronesshrinkmorethansmallerones.•Theirfoodsuppliesarediminished.•Hisillnessdiminishedhisstrength.•peers:apersonwhoisofequalstandingwithanotherinagroup(地位,能力等)同等的人;同輩,同事•Childrenareeasilyinfluencedbytheirpeers.•Theopinionsofhispeersaremoreimportanttohimthanthoseofhisparents.•Interval:theamountoftimebetweentwoevents间隔，距离•ELNinorecuratroughly3-to-7yearintervals.•Rainfellatregularintervalsthroughoutthenight.•TheOlympicGamesareheldatfour-yearintervals.•beappliedto•Ifwecanunderstandthemechanismforboneshrinkageandregrowthinlizards,theknowledgemightsomedaybeappliedtoreversethedebilitatingconditionsofhumans.•Theregulationsapplytoeveryone.ExcerptCTreatingStressinAnimals•Likehumanbeings,farmanimalsmayalsoexperiencestressforsomereasonsincludingbirth-giving.Stressinanimalsisnoteasytoidentify.AscientistfoundthatVitaminEmayprotectfarmanimalsagainstinfections,thuscanpreventstress.MisterElsasserbelievesthatbeingabletopreventinfectionslinkedtostresscouldleadtolowermedicalcostsandhealthierfarmanimals.•threat/threaten•Peoplemayexperiencestresswhentheyloseajoborfeelthreatened.•Thecriminalatlargeisathreattothepeopleinthecity.•Thekidnappers_______tokillthehostagesunlesstheyreceivedaransomof5000,000yuan.•InhisinauguraladdressLincolnrepeatedthathisgovernmentposedno____toslaveryinthestates.•belinkedto/beconfinedto/betiedto•Beingabletopreventinfectionslinkedtostresscouldleadtolowermedicalcosts.•StephenHawkingisconfinedtothewheelchair.•Thistownislinkedtothatonebytheroad.•Thedogistiedtothefence.•Thebirdisconfinedtothecage.•Janewasconfinedtobedduetoillness.•Iwastiedtomyjobbyacontract.ExcerptDSparkingArtandCulture•100,000yearsago,behavioramonghumanbeingwasalmostthesame,but50,000yearsago,adramaticchangeoccurred.Whenyoulookatthearchaeologicalrecordbeforethattime,itwasnotthehomogenous.Scientistsdefinedthisbiologicalchangeasgeneticmutation.Someresearcherswereinfavorofthisassumption.Homosapiens•即“智慧的人”，简称“智人”。人类发展史上的第二个阶段。其中有可分为早期智人和晚期智人两个发展阶段。早期智人HomoNeanderthalensis原称“人属尼安德特种”，简称“尼人”，相当于以前划分的古人阶段。这个时期的人类与现代人更为接近，但仍带有许多原始性质。不仅会保存天然火，还学会了人工取火。其生存年代大约距今二,三十万年到五万年前，属于地质学上更新世中期后一段到更新世晚期前一段，相当于考古学上的旧石器时代中期。智人（homosapiens）晚期智人•原称“智慧的人”，简称“智人”，相当于以前划分的新人阶段。这个时期的人类除有某些原始性之外，基本上和现代人相似。文化上以有雕刻和绘画艺术，出现了装饰品。生存年代大约从五万年前开始，直到现代。属地质学上更新世后一阶段到全新世，相当于旧石器时代晚期到现在。晚期智人通常也叫做现代人，但现代人的概念，还是以指新石器时代以后的人类，即距今约一万年前至现在的人类为宜。•bedifferentfrom•alter/repair(mendsomethingwornorbroken)•Thiscoatistoolargeforme,andIwanttohaveitaltered.•Ourcampushasalteredgreatlyinrecentyears.•Theshoesarebrokenandtheyneedrepairing.•Theshirtissooldthatitwon’trepair.KeytoExercises•VocabularyA)•1.physiology2.astronomy•3.anthropologist4.biology•5.archaeologist6.geography•7.geology8.physicsTranslation•(p55)一般而言，参与人体痛觉经历的神经组织至少在哺乳动物身上都可以找到，这并不令人惊讶，因为疼痛是对潜在的危险刺激物的反应，从而具有使动物衍息生存下去的生物学意义。那么，在动物拥有所有必要的神经结构的情况下，人们有什么理由认为它们不能感受疼痛？那种认为动物不能感受疼痛的看法似乎认定动物与人类的精神生活中存在质的区别。•Animalsaremorelikeusthanweeverimagined.Theyfeelpain,theyexperiencestress,theyshowaffection,excitementandlove.Allthesefindingshavebeenmadebyscientistsinrecentyears–andsuchresultsarebeginningtochangehowweviewanimals.Scientistsobtainedthosereactionsofanimalthroughcarefulobservationandlaboratorytesting.Itisstilluncertainifsuchreactionscoulddegradethemeatqualityoffarmanimals.