欧洲文化入门

EuropeanCulture:AnIntroductionTextbook《EuropeanCulture:AnIntroduction》欧洲文化入门主编：王佐良祝珏李品伟高厚堃外语教学与研究出版社Contents1.GreekCultureandRomanCulture2.TheBibleandChristianity3.TheMiddleAges4.RenaissanceandReformation5.TheSeventeenthCentury6.TheAgeofEnlightenment7.Romanticism8.MarxismandDarwinism9.Realism10.ModernismandOtherTrends11.ReviewforFinalTestchronologicalTermScheduleNo.ofClasses/Week2No.ofWeeks18TotalNo.ofClasses36AssessmentFinalScoreCoursework20%FinalTest80%IntroductionUsesoftheSubjectLanguagecannotbelearnedwithouttheknowledgeoftheculturebehindit.Necessarytothecitizensoftheworld.TwoMajorElementsinEuropeanCultureGreco-RomanelementJudeo-ChristianelementDivision1GreekCulture&RomanCultureGreekCultureTheHistoricalContext1200B.C.WarbetweenGreeceandTroy5thcenturyB.C.Greekculturereachedahighpoint---FailureofPersianinvasion---EstablishmentofdemocracyandflourishingofS.P.L.A.&HWCivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta4thcenturyB.C.AllGreeceruledbyAlexander,KingofMacedon146B.C.RomansconqueredGreeceGreekCultureSocialandPoliticalStructureAthenswasa“democracy”.Theeconomyrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabour.TheGreekslovedsports.OlympicGamesTheworld’sforemostamateursportscompetition(1896)GreekCultureHomer700B.C.AuthorofancientGreeks’epics(1200-1100B.C.)TheIliadTrojanWarGreek:Agamemnon,Achilles,OdysseusTrojan:HectorTheOdysseyReturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanWartohishomeislandofIthaca.GreekCultureGreekCultureLyricPoetrySappho(612-580B.C.)womanpoet-ThemostimportantlyricpoetofancientGreece-NotedforlovepoemsofpassionateintensityPindar(518-438B.C.)Bestknownforodescelebratingthevictoriesattheathleticgames.(the14Olympianodes)GreekCultureDrama-Developedinthe5thcenturyB.C.-Performedinopen-airtheatres,actorsworemasksWriterWorksTragedy/ComedyCharacteristicsNotedforAeschylus(525-456B.C.)PrometheusBound,Persians,AgamemnonTragedyOnlytwoactorsandachorus;WritteninverseVividcharacterportrayalandmajesticpoetrySophocles(496-406B.C.)OedipustheKing,Electra,AntigoneTragedyAddathirdactoranddecreasethesizeofthechorus.StrongimpactonEuropeanliterature.Someplotsadoptedbylaterwriters.“theOedipuscomplex”Euripides(484-406B.C.)Andromache,Medea,TrojanWomenTragedyMainlyaboutwomen;moreofarealist;characterslessheroic,morelikeordinarypeople.Thefirstwriterof“problemplays”Aristophanes(450-380B.C.)Frogs,Clouds,Wasps,BirdsComedyLooseinplot,satiricalintone,fullofcleverparodyandacutecriticism.Contemporaryeventsanddirectattacksonwell-knownpeopleofthedayGreekCultureHistoryHerodotus(484-430B.C.)FatherofHistoryWrotewarsbetweenGreeksandPersiansFullofanecdotes,digressions,andlivelydialogueThucydides(460-404B.C.)MoreaccurateasanhistorianWrotewarsbetweenAthensandSparta,betweenAthensandSyracuseTraceeventstocausesandbringouttheeffectsGreekCulturePhilosopherIdeasPythagoras(580-500B.C.)FounderofscientificmathematicsAllthingsarenumbers.Heracleitus(540-480B.C.)Fireistheprimaryelementoftheuniverse.Everythingelsehasarisenoutofit.Allisflux,nothingisstationery.Thestrifebetweentheoppositesproducetheharmony.Democritus(460-370B.C.)OneofearliestphilosophicalmaterialistsSpeculateabouttheatomicstructureofmatter.“Forallmengoodandtrutharethesame,butpleasureisdifferentfordifferentmen.Itisrepentanceforwhathasbeenshamefullydonethatsetsliferight.Hewhodoeswrongismoreunfortunatethanhewhoiswrong.Itisright,sincewearehuman,thatweshouldnotlaughathumanmisfortunesbutlamentthem.”PhilosophyandScienceGreekCultureGreatestNamesinEuropeanPhilosophySocrates(470-399B.C.)TeacherofPlatoThedialecticalmethodofargumentPutontrialonachargeof“injuringthecity”CondemnedtodeathGreekCultureGreatestNamesinEuropeanPhilosophyPlato(428-348B.C.)StudentofSocratesandteacherofAristotleWrotefamousDialoguestorecordSocratesIdealismOnly“ideas”likebeauty,truth,goodnessarecompletelyrealThephysicalworldisonlyrelativelyrealManyofhisideaswereabsorbedintoChristianthoughtGreekCultureGreatestNamesinEuropeanPhilosophyAristotle(384-322B.C.)Plato’spupilThegreathumanistandthegreatmanofsciencemeetWroteepoch-makingworksonlogic,moralphilosophy,politics,metaphysics,psychology,physics,zoology,poetry,rhetoric.Didmuchtoformthephilosophical,scientificandcosmologicaloutlookofanentireculture.WorksthatarestillimportantnowEthics,Politics,Poetics,RhetoricDifferfromhisteacherinmanywaysEmphasizedirectobservationofnature,theoryshouldfollowfact;Platoreliedonsubjectivethinking.Ideaandmattermadeupconcreteindividualrealities;Platoheldideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld.Man’saiminlifeishappinessGreekCultureSchoolsPhilosopherIdeasSophistsProtagoras(500B.C.)Manisthemeasureofallthings.CynicsDiogenes(412-323B.C.)Hedecidedtolivelikeadogandtheword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek.Rejectallconventions,advocateself-sufficiencyandextremesimplicityinlife.ScepticsPyrrhon(360-272B.C.)Notallknowledgewasattainable.EpicureansEpicurus(341-270B.C.)materialistPleasureisthehighestgoodinlife;notsensualenjoyment,butfreedomfrompainandemotionalupheaval;couldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.StoicsZeno(335-263B.C.)materialistOpposedtotheEpicureans.Them